Exam 1

Question 1

ATP is made up of adenosine which is a nucleotide plus a ______ sugar

Answer 1

Ribose

Question 2

3 steps of translation

Answer 2

initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 3

Allosteric binding occurs where

Answer 3

Somewhere other than the enzymes binding site

Question 4

A negative allosteric site changes the shape of the enzyme to have a _______ active site

Answer 4

Less

Question 5

Important for proper nutrient sensing and stress regulation by maintaining proper cell signaling and transcription rates

Answer 5

O-GlcNAcylation

Question 6

A protein important for preventing oxidative stress

Answer 6

Glutathione

Question 7

The modifications to DNA structure that affects transcription

Answer 7

Epigenetics

Question 8

Protein which binds to dna and initiates the transcriptional process

Answer 8

Transcription factor

Question 9

Works with transcription factors to increase transcription rates

Answer 9

Co-activator

Question 10

Which bond in ATP carries the most energy

Answer 10

2nd and 3rd phosphate group (pyrophosphate bond)

Question 11

Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur

Answer 11

Cytosol

Question 12

T/F, Ox Phos does not require oxygen

Answer 12

False, it needs o2

Question 13

T/f, substrate level phosphorylation can proceed under anaerobic conditions

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the four enzymes that participate in substrate phosphorylation

Answer 14

Creatine Kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase, and succinyl coa synthetase

Question 15

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of citrate from oxaloacetate & acetyl coa in the TCA cycle

Answer 15

Citrate Synthase

Question 16

This enzyme isomerizes citrate to isocitrate in the TCA cycle

Answer 16

Aconitase

Question 17

This enzyme catalyzes dehydrogenation in the TCA cycle

Answer 17

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 18

This enzyme incorporates H2O across double bond of fumarate to form malate

Answer 18

Fumerase

Question 19

Which reactions in the TCA cycle are non-equilibrium

Answer 19

Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

Question 20

For the non-equilibrium reactions in the TCA, ______ is a negative allosteric effector

Answer 20

NADH

Question 21

Which reactions in the TCA cycle use Ca2+ as an activator

Answer 21

Isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

Question 22

What is anaplerosis

Answer 22

Conversion of amino acids to tca intermediates

Question 23

Where do electrons from NADH enter in the ETC

Answer 23

Complex 1

Question 24

Where do electrons from FADH2 enter in the ETC

Answer 24

Complex 2

Question 25

Oxygen gets reduced at this complex to form water in the ETC

Answer 25

Complex 4

Question 26

In the ETC, complex II is succinate-coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase. What is its name in the TCA cycle

Answer 26

Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 27

Complex I of the ETC pumps out how many protons

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Complex III of the ETC pumps out how many protons

Answer 28

4

Question 29

Complex IV of the ETC pumps out how many protons

Answer 29

2

Question 30

How many H+ are pumped per pair of electrons from NADH

Answer 30

10

Question 31

How many H+ are pumped per pair of electrons from FADH2

Answer 31

6

Question 32

What is a superoxide

Answer 32

The incomplete reduction of oxygen

Question 33

One oxygen molecule should accept how many electrons

Answer 33

4

Question 34

There is a higher chance of superoxides when

Answer 34

At rest and PMF and [O2] are elevated

Question 35

In uncoupled Ox Phos, is ATP formed

Answer 35

No

Question 36

Which superoxide dismutase is located in the cytosol

Answer 36

CuZnSOD

Question 37

Which SOD is located in the mitochondria

Answer 37

MnSOD

Question 38

Where is catalase located

Answer 38

In the mitochondria and cytosol

Question 39

Superoxide dismutases do what

Answer 39

Dismutates superoxide to form hydrogen peroxide

Question 40

What is the role of catalase

Answer 40

Converts hydrogen peroxide to water

Question 41

The glutathione system does what

Answer 41

Converts H2O2 to H2O with low Km

Question 42

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction to convert H2O2 to H2O

Answer 42

Glutathione peroxidase

Question 43

Amylose and amylopectin are forms of

Answer 43

Starch

Question 44

Is amylose and amylopectin digestible

Answer 44

Yes

Question 45

Hyperglycermia begins when

Answer 45

After 126 mg/dL

Question 46

Which blood glucose range is normal (mM)

Answer 46

5-7

Question 47

Color of slow oxidative muscle fiber

Answer 47

Red

Question 48

Color of fast glycolytic muscle fiber

Answer 48

White

Question 49

T/f, slow oxidative is type 1

Answer 49

True

Question 50

FAD uses which shuttle

Answer 50

Glycerol 3-phosphate

Question 51

NAD uses which shuttle

Answer 51

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Question 52

The ________ shuttle is more predominant in fast glycolytic

Answer 52

Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle