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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

salivary a-amylase hydrolyzes which bonds

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

T/f, digestion of amylose and amylopectin occurs in the stomach

A

false

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3
Q

which enzyme resumes the digestion of dextrins in duodenum/SI

A

pancreatic a-amylase

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4
Q

what are the four brush border enzymes

A

maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, lactase

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5
Q

function of maltase

A

cleave α1-4 bonds of maltose
and maltotriose to glucose

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6
Q

function of isomaltase

A

cleaves the
α1-6 bond of limit dextrins

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7
Q

function of sucrase

A

cleaves α1-2 bonds of sucrose
to produce fructose and glucose

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8
Q

function of lactose

A

cleaves the β1-4 bond between
galactose and glucose in lactose

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9
Q

the enzyme in the mouth that digests fats

A

lingual lipase

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10
Q

the enzyme in the stomach that digests fats

A

gastric lipase

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11
Q

phospholipids/phosphotidylcholine is hydrolyzed by
pancreatic enzyme __________

A

Phospholipase A2

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12
Q

Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes phosphotidylcholine to produce _______

A

lysophosphatidylcholine

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13
Q

removes the FAs that
form the cholesterol fraction in the pancreas

A

cholesterol esterase

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14
Q

which transporter absorbs lipids into enterocytes when there is a low concentration

A

Fatty acid transporter 4 (FATP4) or
FAT/CD36

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15
Q

how do lipids get absorbed into enterocytes if there is large concentration?

A

passive diffusion

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16
Q

absorbed lipid molecules in enterocytes get converted into

A

TAG, PLs, and cholesterol esters

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17
Q

Chylomicrons are
synthesized at the
___________ and __________ in enterocytes

A

endoplasmic reticulum and
golgi

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18
Q

which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach

A

pepsin

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19
Q

which enzymes digest proteins in the SI

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases

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20
Q

glucose and galactose get absorbed by _______ in enterocytes

A

SGLT1

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21
Q

fructose is taken up by _______ into the enterocyte

A

glute5

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22
Q

galactose, glucose, and fructose all exit the enterocyte through this transporter

A

glute2

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23
Q

glute 5 and glute 2 are _________ diffusion

A

facilitated

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24
Q

lipids enter enterocytes through the _________ side and leave through the ______________ side

A

luminal; basal lateral membrane

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25
Phospholipase A2 cleaves off ....
fatty acids at position 2
26
hormone that causes bicarbonate to be released from the pancreas
secretin
27
hormone that causes the release of bile from the gallbladder
CCK
28
activated trypsinogen to form trypsin
enteropeptidase
29
T/F, glycolysis is on in a fed state
true
30
major hormone present in a fed state
insulin
31
T/F, insulin works as a dephosphorylater
true
32
activates fatty acids by adding coA
Acyl-coa synthetase
33
pathways on in a fed state for lipids
triglyceride synthesis phospholipid syn cholesterol synthesis
34
fatty acid activation takes how many atps
2
35
AMPK _________phorylates GPAT1 which turns it _______
phosphorylate; off
36
HMG CoA reductase is _______phorylated by AMPK turning it off
phosphorylated
37
HMG CoA reductase is activated/dephorylated by ________
PP2a
38
the main lipoprotein circulating in a fed state
chylomicrons
39
primary lipoprotein in a fasted state
VLDLs
40
in a fed state, TSC complex is ________ which allows rheb to turn ________ MTORR
off; on
41
If TSC complex is active, _______ is blocked and then mTORR is inactive
RHEB
42
_______ phosphorylates mTORC1, turning it _________
AMPK, off
43
which HK is found in all mammalian tissues
HK I
44
when glucokinase is bound to GKRP, it is __________
inactive
45
glucokinase is induced by _______ & _________
glucose and insulin
46
this molecule stimulates the binding of GK to GKRP if there is excess
fructose-6-phosphate
47
what are the five enzyme that phosphorylate and turn off glycogen synthase
-glycogen synthase kinase -glycogen phosphorylase kinase a -protein kinase A -calmodulin kinase -AMP kinase
48
positive allosteric regulator of the inactive form of glycogen synthase
glucose 6 phosphate
49
glycogen synthase gets dephosphorylated/activated by
pp1
50
in glycolysis, glucose from glycogen nets _____ ATP instead of 2
3
51
products of anaerobic glycolysis
2 lactate, 2 atp, 0 nadh
52
products of aerobic glycolysis
2 nadh, a pyruvate, 2 atp
53
rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis
phosphofructokinase 1
54
what allosterically activates PFK1
AMP, ADP, F2,6BP
55
what allosterically inhibits PFK1
ATP, citrate
56
F2, 6BP is produced by
PFK2
57
in the liver, PP1 dephosphorylates ________ turning it ________ which then allosterically activates _______
PFK2; on; PFK1
58
PKA ______________ PFK2 turning it _______ but only in this organ
phosphorylates; off; liver
59
in the liver, pyruvate kinase is ______________ to turn it off by __________
phosphorylate; PKA
60
in glycerol synthesis, G3P has to be made in adipocytes through glycolysis because
they lack the enzyme glycerol kinase, so they can't just phosphorylate glycerols
61
when does de novo fatty acid synthesis occur
when there's excess CHO intake and glycogen stores are full
62
de novo fatty acid synthesis primarily occurs in these 3 places
adipose tissue, mammary glands, and liver
63
acetyl-coa is converted to malonyl coa via
acetyl-coa carboxylase
64
ACC1 is activated by _______ and inhibited by _________
citrate; palmitate
65
These two kinases phosphorylate and inhibit ACC1
PKA and AMPK
66
_______ dephosphorylates ACC1, activating it
PP4
67
products of 1 turn of the TCA cycle
1 GTP, 1 FADH, and 3 NADH
68
in the TCA cycle, ______ and ______ inhibit citrate synthase
NADH & citrate
69
isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by ________ & activated by __________
NADH & Ca2+
70
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited by ________ & _________
NADH & Succinyl coa
71
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by _________
Ca2+
72
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is activated by ________ & _________
glucose 6-phosphate & NADP+
73
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is inhibited by __________
NADPH
74
Enzyme that adds O-glcnac in hexosamine biosynthetic pathway
OGT
75
what activates PDH kinase
-acetyl coa -NADH
76
what inhibits PDH kinase
-pyruvate -NAD+ -coA -ADP -calcium
77
what inhibits PDH phosphatase
acetyl-coa
78
what stimulates PDH phosphatase
Magnesium and calcium
79
PDH kinase phosphorylates PDH turning it ______
off
80
when ACC is phosphorylated, it is __________
inactive
81
when MCD is phosphorylated it is ______
active
82
AMPK phosphorylates ACC, turning it ______
off
83
AMPK phosphorylates MCD, turning it _______
on
84
fatty acyl coas ________ ACC
inhibit
85
fatty acyl coa ________ malonyl decarboxylase
activates
86
in a fed state, protein phosphatases turn ACC ______ and MCD _________
on; off
87
activator for ACC
citrate
88
ketogenesis occurs in the ______
liver
89
glycogen phosphorylase kinase is phosphorylated by ________ making it _________active
PKA; active
90
glycogen phosphorylase kinase is in its most active form when
its phosphorylated and when Ca2+ is bound
91
if Arg builds up during the urea cycle, what does that mean about its speed
its going too slow
92
Arginia ________ the production of NAG by activating __________
increases; N-acetyl glutamate synthase
93
At 24 hours, proteolysis _________, after 48 hrs, it __________
increases; decreases
94
when are ketones formed
-uncontrolled diabetes -very low carb diet -prolonged fasting
95
insulin is an ________ hormone
anabolic
96
T/f, in a fasted state we see glucagon, catecholamines, and cortisol
true
97
RER is ________ in a fasted state in obese people
lower
98
RER is _________ in a fed state in obese ppl
higher
99
those obese have more of this muscle fiber
fast glycolytic
100
the mitochondria has a positive charge and low pH where
inner membrane space
101
NADH donation of electrons in ETC pumps out ______ electrons
10
102
FADH donation of electrons in ETC pumps out ______ electrons
6
103
it takes _____ equivalent protons to make ATP
4
104
Initial reaction in the catabolism of BCAA
BCAT
105
is BCAT highly expressed in liver
no
106
BCKAD kinase ________ activity of BCKAD
decreases
107
BCKAD activity increases through BCKAD __________
phosphatase
108
what products allosterically inhibit BCKAD
isovaleryl coa, a-methylbutyrl coa, isobutyrl coa
109
in what situations is BCAA metabolism activated
-starvation and prolonged exercise -increased cortisol
110
T/f, SODS convert superoxides into hydrogen peroxide
true
111
the SOD isoform, CuZnSOD, is located where
cytosol
112
Located in the mitochondria, this SOD isoform is important for ros in the matrix
MnSOD
113
catalase has a high Kcat meaning
it can reduce hydrogen peroxide into water very quickly
114
which system handles the removal of hydrogen peroxide and has a low Km
glutathione system
115

Metabolic (4 decks)

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