Exam 2

Question 1

A fatty acid with no double bond is classified as what

Answer 1

a saturated fatty acid

Question 2

A fatty acid with a double bond

Answer 2

unsaturated fatty acid

Question 3

A short-chain FA has fewer than ____ carbons

Answer 3

6

Question 4

A medium chain FA has ______ carbons

Answer 4

8-14

Question 5

A long chain FA has more than _____ carbons

Answer 5

14

Question 6

Unsaturated FA typically have a ________ configuration

Answer 6

cis

Question 7

in what configuration is a linear Unsaturated FA shape created

Answer 7

Trans

Question 8

When there is a cis FA configuration, the shape of the molecule has a ________

Answer 8

kink/fold

Question 9

Name sources of trans unsaturated FAs

Answer 9

processed foods, margarine, partially hydrogenated oils

Question 10

Which shorthand notation system displays # of carbons and the amount of double bonds as well as their location

Answer 10

Delta

Question 11

This shorthand notation system gives position of first double bond from the methyl end

Answer 11

omega

Question 12

Which omega-3 fatty acid is essential

Answer 12

a- linolenic

Question 13

This essential FA is an omega-6

Answer 13

linoleic acid

Question 14

Which omega-3s are non-essential

Answer 14

EPA & DHA

Question 15

why can’t humans make essential FA

Answer 15

they don’t have the enzymes to insert a DB past carbon 9

Question 16

In which lipoprotein are ApoB100 found

Answer 16

VLDLs

Question 17

which apolipoprotein is generally found on HDLs

Answer 17

ApoA1

Question 18

which lipoprotein is the most dense w/ protein & is the smallest

Answer 18

HDL

Question 19

These lipoproteins are formed in the liver

Answer 19

VLDLs, HDLs, LDLs,

Question 20

This lipoprotein is formed in the small intestine

Answer 20

chylomicrons

Question 21

which lipoproteins carry mostly TAGs to be stored in adipose tissues

Answer 21

Chylomicrons & VLDLs

Question 22

In a fed state, what distributes free fatty acids from meals

Answer 22

chylomicrons

Question 23

Acyl Coa Synthetase adds Coa to fatty acids to produce _________

Answer 23

Fatty acyl coa

Question 24

Each turn of beta oxidation produces

Answer 24

1 acetyl coA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH2

Question 25

where in the mitochondria does beta oxidation occur

Answer 25

the matrix

Question 26

For every double bond in an unsaturated FA, you need to subtract _____ ATP from the total ATP yield

Answer 26

1.5

Question 27

An odd-chained FA proceeds with beta-oxidation until _____ carbons are left. This is then split into

Answer 27

5: acetyl Coa & propionyl

Question 28

True or false, L amino acids are used in our body

Answer 28

true

Question 29

which group makes Amino acids unique

Answer 29

R group

Question 30

Amino acids can act as either an acid or a base, this is termed

Answer 30

Amphoteric

Question 31

At physiologic pH, AAs are predominately _______ or _________

Answer 31

dipolar ions or zwitterions

Question 32

which AAs are negatively charged

Answer 32

Aspartic acid & glutamic acid

Question 33

Which AAs are positively charged

Answer 33

Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine

Question 34

Which type of side chain group only has carbons and hydrogens

Answer 34

Aliphatic AAs

Question 35

Ketogenic AAs means they cannot be converted into glucose, only via- __________

Answer 35

acetyl-coa

Question 36

What are the essential amino acids

Answer 36

Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine

Question 37

During transamination, the amino acceptor becomes the _________ and the donor is the ___________

Answer 37

a-amino acid; a-keto acid

Question 38

what is the product of deamination

Answer 38

NH4+

Question 39

where is glutamate dehydrogenase most active

Answer 39

liver, kidney, and brain

Question 40

glutamate + ammonium is converted to glutamine through which enzyme

Answer 40

glutamine synthetase

Question 41

most abundant free AA in the blood

Answer 41

glutamine

Question 42

where is the urea cycle located

Answer 42

periportal hepatocytes in the liver

Question 43

how much ATP does on cycle of the urea cycle use

Answer 43

4

Question 44

isomaltase breaks down

Answer 44

alpha 1-6

Question 45

which glands make salivary amylase

Answer 45

the submandibular and parotid gland

Question 46

salivary amylase hydrolyzes which bond

Answer 46

a- 1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 47

which gland secretes lingual lipase

Answer 47

serous gland

Question 48

what does lingual lipase cleave

Answer 48

ester bond at carbon 3 position of TAGs

Question 49

is there CHO digestion in the stomach

Answer 49

no

Question 50

chief cells in the stomach secrete what

Answer 50

pepsinogen

Question 51

through cleavage of short peptides from the N-terminus, pepsinogen turns into _____

Answer 51

pepsin

Question 52

where is bile produced; and concentrated in?

Answer 52

liver; the gall bladder

Question 53

Is bile slightly acidic or alkaline?

Answer 53

alkaline

Question 54

which enzyme continues CHO digestion in the duodenum

Answer 54

pancreatic a-amylase

Question 55

lactase cleave which type of bonds

Answer 55

B 1-4

Question 56

Sucrase cleaves which bonds

Answer 56

a 1-2

Question 57

maltase cleaves what bond

Answer 57

a 1-4

Question 58

glucose and galactose are transported into enterocytes through which transporter

Answer 58

SGLT1

Question 59

SGLT1 is an active symporter transporting what ion along with glucose and galactose

Answer 59

Na+

Question 60

Fructose uses which transporter

Answer 60

Glute5

Question 61

glucose, fructose, and galactose are absorbed through the apical side and released from the ________ side

Answer 61

basolateral

Question 62

what is the lipid emulsifying agent in the SI

Answer 62

bile

Question 63

When is fatty acid transporter 4 needed

Answer 63

when there is a low concentration of digested lipids that need to be absorbed into the enterocyte

Question 64

in the SI, if there is a high concentration of lipids needing to be absorbed into the enterocyte, ________ diffusion will occur

Answer 64

passive

Question 65

An inactive precursor form of digestive enzyme

Answer 65

Zymogen

Question 66

what does Secretin stimulate

Answer 66

the pancreas to release bicarbonate

Question 67

CCK stimulates the release of

Answer 67

pancreatic juice, enteropeptidase, and bile

Question 68

cleaves internal peptide bonds

Answer 68

endopeptidases

Question 69

cleaves external peptide bonds from either N or C terminus

Answer 69

Exopeptidase

Question 70

what are the pancreatic proteolytic zymogens

Answer 70

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, proelastase

Question 71

Where does GLUT4 go after being stimulated by insulin

Answer 71

to the surface in a cell membrane

Question 72

This lipoprotein is predominate in a fasted state

Answer 72

VLDLs

Question 73

what are the main apolipoprotein components of chylomicrons

Answer 73

ApoB-48, ApoA, Apoc-II, ApoE

Question 74

what are the main apolipoprotein components of mature chylomicrons

Answer 74

ApoC-II & ApoE

Question 75

what do VLDLS contain

Answer 75

Apob-100

Question 76

ApoA1 is found in

Answer 76

HDLs

Question 77

what are the 3 predominate transcription factors

Answer 77

ChREBP, SREBP, Liver X receptor

Question 78

ChREBP leads to the inhibition for transcription in ...

Answer 78

liver and beta cells

Question 79

how is ChREBP regulated

Answer 79

by phosphorylation by PKA and AMPK

Question 80

Drives cholesterol and lipid synthesis genes in the liver

Answer 80

SREBPs

Question 81

Increases gene transcription of cholesterol and lipogenic genes

Answer 81

Liver X Receptor (LXR)

Question 82

why is ApoCII important

Answer 82

It activates lipoprotein lipase

Question 83

what is the role of ApoE

Answer 83

help chylomicron remnant to be recognized by the liver to be uptaken

Question 84

what converts trypsin into trypsinogen

Answer 84

enteropeptidase

Question 85

what are the brush border peptidases

Answer 85

aminopeptidase, dipeptidylaminopeptidase, tripeptidase