exam 3

Question 1

where does glycogenolysis occur

Answer 1

muscle and liver

Question 2

glycogenolysis in the liver serves what purpose

Answer 2

to maintain blood glucose homeostasis

Question 3

what does glycogenolysis in the muscle serve for

Answer 3

providing glucose as a substrate for ATP production in the muscle cell

Question 4

what is the first line of defense for blood glucose maintenence

Answer 4

glycogen

Question 5

cleaves α-1-4-glycosidic bonds
from non-reducing ends

Answer 5

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 6

will remove 3 of last 4 glucosyl units
above branch, attaching them
via α-1-4-glycosidic bonds to a
nearby linear branch

Answer 6

debranching enzyme

Question 7

Is Glycogen phosphorylase active when phosphorylated

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

which enzyme phosphorylates Glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 8

GPK

Question 9

protein kinase A (PKA) activates which enzyme

Answer 9

GPK

Question 10

glycogen phosphorylase is dephosphorylated by which enzyme

Answer 10

PP1

Question 11

in the liver, glucose is a negative regulator of _________

Answer 11

GP-P

Question 12

AMP is a ___________ allosteric regulator of GP (non-phosphorylated form) in skeletal muscle

Answer 12

positive (activator)

Question 13

Pi is a ________________ regulator of both GP-P and GP (non-phosphorylated) forms

Answer 13

positive allosteric

Question 14

_________ is a negative (inhibitor) allosteric regulator of both GP-P and GP (non-phosphorylated) forms in skeletal muscle

Answer 14

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 15

does acetylation of GP-P increase or decrease its activity

Answer 15

decrease

Question 16

refers to the
process by which body proteins are
continually degraded and re-
synthesized

Answer 16

protein turnover

Question 17

Truer or false, collagen and hemoglobin are resistant to degradation

Answer 17

true

Question 18

where in a cell is the Ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway located

Answer 18

cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 19

the Autophagy-lysosomal system is only present in the ___________

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

Mainly responsible for degrading longer-lived proteins and entire organelles

Answer 20

Autophagy-lysosomal system

Question 21

essential organelle for mTOR signaling

Answer 21

lysosome

Question 22

Primary control of cell growth

Answer 22

mTor

Question 23

Directly binds and activates mTORC1

Answer 23

Rheb GTPase

Question 24

__________ translocates mTORC1 to lysosomal surface

Answer 24

GTP loaded RagA

Question 25

____________ inactivates mTORC1 and translocates back to the cytosol

Answer 25

RagA-GDP

Question 26

Inhibits Rheb GTPase

Answer 26

Tuberous sclerosis complex

Question 27

inhibited by AKT phosphorylation

Answer 27

TSC

Question 28

Low AMP _________ protein synthesis but _________ degradation

Answer 28

stimulates; inhibits

Question 29

protein synthesis pathways are most active over the first _____ hours after a meal

Answer 29

4

Question 30

_________ activates mTOR

Answer 30

insulin

Question 31

become the most abundant lipoproteins in the blood stream

Answer 31

VLDL and LDL

Question 32

The process by which glucose is made in the liver, and to small extent kidneys, from non-carbohydrate carbons sources

Answer 32

gluconeogenesis

Question 33

become the predominant substrate for ATP production in cells that have mitochondria

Answer 33

fatty acids

Question 34

becomes more prominent with long- term fasting and starvation

Answer 34

protein degradation

Question 35

this hormone is Produced in alpha cells of pancreas

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

Insulin leads to dephosphorylation of PFK2, _________ F2,6 BP levels

Answer 36

increasing

Question 37

is GNG energetically expensive

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

substrates for gng

Answer 38

AAs, glycerol, lactate

Question 39

lipolysis is most active during the _________ state

Answer 39

fasted

Question 40

alanine becoming a more prominent substrate for GNG is what cycle

Answer 40

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

Question 41

substrate for GNG becomes more prominent during exercise

Answer 41

lactate

Question 42

gng prominent substrate during prolonged fasting and starvation

Answer 42

AAs

Question 43

Hydrolyzes TAGs to liberate 1 FA and 1 diacylglycerol (DAG)

Answer 43

Adipose triacylglycerol lipase

Question 44

Hydrolyzes DAGs to liberate 1 FA and 1 monoacylglycerol

Answer 44

Hormone sensitive lipase

Question 45

Hydrolyzes MAG to liberate 1 FA and 1 glycerol

Answer 45

Monoacylglycerol lipase

Question 46

When CGI-58 bound to perilipin, lipolysis is ______ active

Answer 46

less

Question 47

Removes carnitine and adds back CoA

Answer 47

CPT2

Question 48

Transports fatty acyl carnitine across mitochondrial membrane

Answer 48

Carnitine acyl translocase

Question 49

Removes CoA and replaces with carnitine

Answer 49

CPT1

Question 50

where does beta oxidation take place

Answer 50

mitochondrial matrix

Question 51

when are ketones formed

Answer 51

Prolonged fasting/starvation, >24hours through starvation conditions * Very low carbohydrate diets * During prolonged exercise without replenishment of carbohydrates * Uncontrolled diabetes

Question 52

Any cells with __________ can utilize ketones for ATP instead of glucose

Answer 52

mitochondria

Question 53

cholesterol synthesis take place in the

Answer 53

cytosol

Question 54

Ketones can cross the blood brain barrier, true or false

Answer 54

true

Question 55

how do we measure ketones

Answer 55

urine test, serum, finger stick

Question 56

normal range of ketones is

Answer 56

0-25mmol/l

Question 57

Occurs in the mitochondria and cytosol of periportal hepatocytes

Answer 57

urea cycle

Question 58

primary system that makes urea via the Urea Cycle

Answer 58

periportal hepatocytes

Question 59

α-amino group from an AA being transferred to the α-keto position of an α-keto acid

Answer 59

transamination

Question 60

enzyme that adds O-GlcNac

Answer 60

OGT

Question 61

enzyme that removes O-GlcNac

Answer 61

OGA

Question 62

what is the outcome of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway

Answer 62

O-GlcNac