Exam 1 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
4 tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
2
Q
homeostasis
A
any automatic process that a living thing uses to keep its body steady on the inside while continuing to adjust to conditions outside of the body, or in its environment
3
Q
living organisms respond to ____
A
stimuli
4
Q
hemodynamics
A
how your blood flows through your blood vessels; responds to stimuli
5
Q
ultrasound
A
an imaging test that uses sound waves to make pictures of organs, tissues, and other structures inside your body
6
Q
radiograph
A
a procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called x-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body
7
Q
lithotropsy
A
a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney and parts of the ureter (tube that carries urine from your kidneys to your bladder). After the procedure, the tiny pieces of stones pass out of your body in your urine
8
Q
function of lymphatic system
A
part of immune system; capillary beds leak fluid (even in normal); lymphatic system picks it up and takes it to lymph nodes/spleen
monitors blood, fights infection, detects cancer, and allows for swelling
9
Q
popliteal location
A
region at the back of the knee
10
Q
5 physiological relevant ions
A
calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl)
11
Q
physiology
A
how the body should function based on its anatomy
12
Q
4 physiologically relevant organic molecules
A
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
13
Q
4 execratory organs
A
liver, kidney, colon, skin
14
Q
what looks like what on a radiograph
A
dense area (bone) - white
air - black
15
Q
what protects the kidney
A
ilium (hip bone; I PROTECT KIDNEY), lower three ribs, abdominal fat (adipose)
16
Q
kidney stones
A
form in the kidney; can cause issues if it gets in the ureter; kidney is non-compliant, so kidney stones can block urination in ureter and cause back up; creates a lot of pressure, which causes pain
17
Q
EPO (erythropoietin) hormone
A
hormone from kidneys that stimulates production of red blood cells to carry more oxygen; transports more oxygen to muscles which increases stamina and performance
18
Q
feedback inhibition example
A
temperature regulation and satiety
19
Q
Feed forward stimulation loop example
A
childbirth (parturition): when a deviation occurs, the body response increases the deviation
Oxytocin signals contractions, then when one comes, more and more follow
20
Q
baroreceptors
A
detect blood pressure; part of transitional epithelium on the bladder. aorta arch, and major blood vessels; has a role in detecting contractions in parturition
21
Q
hypothalamus
A
region in the brain that oversees temperature regulation and satiety
22
Q
Hormones that are major effectors of one’s metabolism
A
cortisol, insulin, testosterone/estrogen
23
Q
goblet cells
A
secrete mucus; muco-ciliary escalator; smoking causes cilia to dissipate leading to smokers cough
24
Q
endocrine vs exocrine
A
endocrine: releases into the bloodstream
exocrine: glands secrete toxins out of body through skin and GI tract
25
secretion vs excretion
secretion: the process of releasing substances that serve specific functions in the body
excretion: the process of removing waste and excess substances to maintain internal balance and health
26
afferent vs efferent
afferent: Carries sensory information to the CNS (e.g., from sensory receptors to the brain)
efferent: Carries motor commands away from the CNS (e.g., from the brain to muscles or glands)
27
cognition
the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing, and using knowledge
28
endothelial vs epithelial
endothelial: cells that line the interior surfaces of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
epithelial: cells that are on the exterior of vessels; found on the surfaces of organs and structures throughout the body
29
collapsed lung
pleurisy; one lung loses pressure
lungs already have negative pressure, but the absence of negative pressure created from the atmospheric pressure causes the collapse
30
serous membrane
thin layers of tissue that line certain internal cavities of the body and cover the organs within these cavities
they serve several important functions, including reducing friction between moving organs and providing a lubricated surface; produces serous fluid
31
peritoneum
form of serous membrane; surrounds the heart; reduces friction between the heart and the surrounding structures as the heart beats
32
mesentery
double-layered fold peritoneum (the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity) that forms a bridge between the intestines and the abdominal wall; provides support and stability to intestines; prevents intestines from excessively moving or twisting
33
significance of true coelom
deuterostomes have true coelom, which leads to adults having body cavities, compartments, and connective tissues and cannals
34
apoptosis
programmed cell death; started as limb buds, apoptosis occurred and formed digits
35
actin
biggest microfilament; muscle tissues all have actin, which forms microfilaments in the cytoskeleton
non-muscle reference: cancer can move and metastasis
36
biopsies (who its sent to, why, and signs the biopsy may be cancerous)
sent to pathologist; pathologists study fluids, tissues, or organs taken from the body; disorganized arrangements, variation in nuclei size, change in morphology
37
medulla oblangata
regulates blood flow, controls sweating and shivering when hypothalamus reports temperature must be regulated; controls blood pressure, respiration rate, and heart rate
38
relationship between CO2 and blood pH
opposites; blood pH increases, CO2 decreases and vice versa
39
transitional epithelium
allows stretch and prevents things from going in and out; bladder (compliant organ) allows to expand and go back to shape and sends signals to the brain; kidney (non-compliant)
40
hydroxyapatite
Ca10PO4OH2
inorganic, secreted by osteoblast
compression strength; does not decrease over time
functionality: structure, support, protection for organs, marrow cavity, tender (strain), ligaments (sprain), bones are a source of calcium
41
collagen
created by fibroblasts; connective tissue; triple helix; most abundant protein in mammals/vertebrates
42
adipose tissue
yellow bone marrow
43
alveoli of lung and pulmonary capillary beds
oxygen within alveoli diffuses across the thin alveolar and capillary walls into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular metabolism, diffuses from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli
thin layer between for close proximity to enable efficient gas exchange
44
surfactant
surface active substance with the same charge on both sides to keep the alveoli open
45
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes
builds bone, breaks bone, maintains bone
46
tendon vs ligament
tendon: bone to muscle connection; strain
ligament: bone to bone connection; sprain
47
sprain vs strain
sprain: ligament (bone to bone)
strain: tendon (bone to muscle)
sTrain - Tendon
48
astrocytes
type of glial cell that maintains homeostasis in CNS; neural glue; keeps ions from getting out; forms blood brain barrier
49
neuron anatomy (dendrite and axon)
dendrite: receives information from other neurons (more than one dendrite per cell)
axon: sends information to other neurons (one per cell)
50
red bone marrow
produce blood cells; have receptors for EPO (kidney); active
51
yellow bone marrow
fat (adipose) tissue; stores fat; inactive
52
damaged cartilage
heals slowly because it is avascular (lack of blood supply)
53
periosteum vs endosteum
periosteum: dense, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the sites where the bones form joints
endosteum: a thin membrane that lines the internal surfaces of bones
54
long-term defense (good or bad)
not always positive because it can lead to physiological damage
example: cystic fibrosis: defective chloride ion channel; too much mucus created
55
embryonic germ layers
3
endoderm: forms lining of GI (digestive tract)
mesoderm: forms tissues such as muscle, bones, and blood vessels
ectoderm: forms skin and neuroectoderm
56
which gender incurs more UTIs
females; shorter urethra meaning bacteria have a shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder
57
keratin
protection from outside influence on skin; forms barrier against infection and reduces loss of water from the body; found in epidermis, hair, and nails; stratified squamous
58
sebum
secreted through sebaceous glands; helps protect skin, but causes acne when clogged
59
sudoriferous
eccrine sudoriferous glands: everywhere; most ALL sweat glands
apocrine (axillary region (armpit) and groin); more oil in sweat secretions (creates bacteria)
60
cerumen
ear wax; found in the ear canal
61
merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine
different types of secretion mechanisms used by exocrine glands to release their products
merocrine: release product without loss of cellular material; examples are eccrine glands, salivary glands, and pancreatic glands
apocrine: release product with a portion of cytoplasm and plasma membrane of the cell; examples are apocrine sweat glands and mammary glands
holocrine: entire cell disintegrates to release its product; examples include sebaceous glands
62
histamine and vasodilation
chemical mediator that causes inflammation when injured; histamine released in response to allergic reactions, tissue injury, and other stimuli; vasodilation occurs when histamine is released; often leads to increased blood flow, allergic reactions, and inflammatory responses
63
proteins of extracellular matrix
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
64
hyaluronic acid
helps skin to retain water; can lead to skin looking younger by increasing elasticity; found within synovial fluid
65
mammary glands vs breast tissue
mammary glands: produce and secrete milk; all mammals have
breast tissue: encompasses all structures found in breast, including both glandular components and non-glandular components; only primates have adipose tissue around mammary gland
66
cell distance
cell distance must be between 6-8 cells to properly diffuse oxygen to tissue; if more than this, tissue is avascular and either cartilage or injured; can lead to necrotic tissue
67
cartilage types
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
68
elastic cartilage location
ear, epiglottis
69
blood cell types
red blood cells: transport oxygen and return carbon dioxide; no mitochondria; undergoing frequent glycolysis; 1 glucose creates net of 2 ATP
white blood cells: defend body against infection and disease
platelets: essential for blood clotting and wound repair
70
spun blood
plasma (top layer), buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets; middle layer). red blood cells (bottom layer
71
lipid vs fat vs triglyceride
fat is a lipid and triglyceride is the most common type of fat in the body
72
decreased friction examples
lack of synovial fluid can cause joint issues
73
edema
swelling of tissues; capillaries leak fluid all the time (lymphatic system reclaims fluid) but swelling increases with injury
74
signs of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbed function
75
EGF (epidermal growth factor)
a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation (becomes a specific tissue type)
76
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels to allow more blood to flow through the skins capillaries; causes skin to flush and rise in temperature
77
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood flow to reduce blood flow to the skin; regulates blood flow to essential organs and tissues and accommodates drop in temperature
78
cancers
uncontrollable cell mitosis; epithelial cancer is most common
carcinomas: cancer of epithelial tissues
adenocarcinomas: glandular
sarcomas: connective and muscular
79
apical and basolateral surfaces of cells
apical: side of the epithelial cell that faces the external environment or the lumen (internal space) of an organ or body cavity
basolateral: side of the epithelial cell that faces the underlying tissue or the basement membrane, and it is oriented away from the lumen or external environment
80
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar; bad in short-term because brain, kidneys, and RBCs needs glucose; 4 hormones combat hypoglycemia: cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone, and glucagon (alpha)
81
4 hormones combat hypoglycemia
cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone, and glucagon
82
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar; bad in long term; can cause blood to crystalize and clog blood vessels, which can lead to tissue necrosis; insulin combats hyperglycemia
83
integral proteins
channels, receptors, pumps, carriers
receptors cause feedback loops
84
epidermis layers
superficial to deep
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
COME LETS GET SUN BURNT
85
langerhans cells
located in epidermis of skin; key player in inflammatory skin diseases; able to trigger inflammatory or tolerate immune responses
86
dermis layers
papillary layer and reticular layer
87
actin and cilia
forms cytoskeleton
(cilia compose4d of microtubules)
88
triploblastic embryos
have all three germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm; all mammals have
89
TMJ
temporomandibular joint – JAW
ball and socket joint AND hinge joint; the jaw moves out of socket during normal function
90
effects of aging on tissues
Cells divide more slowly.
Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the elderly.
Injuries don’t heal as readily.
Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure, though they
may increase in number; tendons and ligaments become less
flexible and more fragile.
Elastic fibers become less elastic.
Changes in collagen and elastin result in:
Arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic.
Atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues.
Wrinkling of the skin.
Increased tendency for bones to break.
91
interstitium
the space between cells/ tissues
92
ischemia
the inadequate blood supply to a tissue or organ, leading to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism; epinephrine can alleviate
93
angio-
means vessels; refers to blood vessels or lymphatic vessels
94
visceral vs parietal in terms of pleural membranes
visceral: the inner layer of the pleural membrane that directly covers and adheres to the surface of the lungs
parietal: the outer layer of the pleural membrane that lines the inner surface of the chest wall and the diaphragm
95
multipolar neuron
a type of neuron characterized by having multiple processes extending from the cell body; most common type of neuron; multiple dendrites
96
prostaglandins
chemical mediator; involved in inflammation, fever, and pain; causes vasodilation
97
hormones to repair tissues
growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone; less produced when older
98
basement membrane
a specialized structure found at the interface between epithelial tissues and underlying connective tissues; has ridges that epithelial tissue falls upon; provides support, filtration, and cell adhesion for epithelial tissue
99
example of defense with goblet cells
goblet cell secrete mucus; you breathe in impurities; cilia move mucus to back of nose; swallow mucus and impurities are brought to stomach; parietal cells and low pH of stomach acid kill bacteria
100
free surface modifications
having viscous fluids = less friction = less inflammation and less dying cells
101
intercalated discs
gap junctions within intercalated discs; cells share same cytoplasm and ions; spontaneous depolarization (membrane potential of cell increases due to sodium ions diffusing through open sodium ion channels)
102
connective tissue
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood
103
loose connective tissue
areolar tissue: collagen and elastic fibers; beneath epithelial tissue, surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs
adipose tissue: fat cells; found under skin, around kidneys, and in bone marrow
reticular tissue: reticular fibers and cells; found in lymphoid organs and bone marrow
104
dense connective tissue
dense regular tissue: collagen fibers; tendons
dense irregular tissue: collagen fibers; found in dermis and periosteum
elastic tissue: elastic and collagen fibers; found in large arteries and ligaments
105
humans are...
upright and bipedal; ventral surface is same as anterior surface; dorsal surface is same as posterior surface
106
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right halves
107
frontal plane
divides body into anterior (FRONT) and posterior (BACK) sections
108
transverse plane
divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
109
oblique plane
any plane not parallel to the sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes; cuts body at an angle
110
opiates
narcotics that can hyperpolarize medulla oblangata; depresses respiratory and heart rate centers in medulla; causes slower and shallower breathing, as well as reduced heart rate and changes in blood pressure
111
protects kidney
