Lab Exam 1 - Bones, nerves, and foramens Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Olfactory nerve
A
Cranial nerve I
Passes through olfactory foramina of cribriform plate
Sensory
2
Q
Optic nerve
A
Cranial nerve II
Passes through optic canal
Sensory
3
Q
Oculomotor nerve
A
Cranial nerve III
Passes through superior orbital fissure
Motor
4
Q
Trochlear nerve
A
Cranial nerve IV
Passes through superior orbital fissure
Motor
5
Q
Trigeminal nerve
A
Cranial nerve V
Passes through superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, mental foramen
Both
6
Q
Abducens nerve
A
Cranial nerve VI
Passes through superior orbital fissure
Motor
7
Q
Facial nerve
A
Cranial nerve VII
Passes through internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen
Both
8
Q
Vestibulochlear nerve
A
Cranial nerve VIII
Passes through internal auditory meatus
Sensory
9
Q
Glossopharyngeal nerve
A
Cranial nerve IX
Passes through jugular foramen
Both
10
Q
Vagus nerve
A
Cranial nerve X
Passes through jugular foramen
Both
11
Q
Spinal accessory nerve
A
Cranial nerve XI
Passes through jugular foramen
Motor
12
Q
Hypoglossal nerve
A
Cranial nerve XII
Passes through hypoglossal canal
Motor
13
Q
Cranial nerves I-XII
A
Olfactory nerve I
Optic nerve II
Oculomotor nerve III
Trochlear nerve IV
Trigeminal nerve V
Abducens nerve VI
Facial nerve VII
Vestibulochlear nerve VIII
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Vagus nerve X
Spinal accessory nerve XI
Hypoglossal nerve XII
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14
Q
Olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate (foramen)
A
Olfactory nerve I
15
Q
Optic canal (foramen)
A
Optic nerve II
16
Q
Superior orbital fissure (foramen)
A
Oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, and abducens nerve VI
17
Q
Foramen rotundum (foramen)
A
Trigeminal nerve V
18
Q
Foramen ovale (foramen)
A
Trigeminal nerve V
19
Q
Foramen lacerum (foramen)
A
No structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults
20
Q
Foramen spinosum (foramen)
A
Middle meningeal artery
21
Q
Carotid canal (foramen)
A
Internal carotid artery
22
Q
Internal auditory meatus (foramen)
A
Facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
23
Q
Jugular foramen (foramen)
A
Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, and spinal accessory nerve XI
24
Q
Hypoglossal canal (foramen)
A
Hypoglossal nerve XII
25
Supraorbital foramen (foramen)
Supraorbitary artery and nerve
26
Inferior orbital fissure (foramen)
Zygomatic nerve and blood vessels
27
Infraorbital foramen (foramen)
Infraorbital nerve
28
Mental foramen (foramen)
Blood vessels and trigeminal nerve V
29
Foramen magnum (foramen)
Spinal cord
30
Stylomastoid foramen (foramen)
Facial nerve VII
31
Mandibular foramen (foramen)
Alveolar nerve
32
Transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae (foramen)
Vertebral arteries
33
Costal groove (foramen)
Neurovascular bundle
34
Bones in adult body
206-213
35
Axial skeleton
80 bones
Central core of body
Consists of head, neck, back and chest
Axial skeleton protects and cushions your brain, spinal cord and organs
36
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones
Comprises the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton facilitates movement of the human body
37
5 major functions of skeletal system
Support
Movement
Protection
Storage of minerals
Production of blood cells
38
Trabeculae
Found within spongy bone
Network of tiny beams and struts
Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone
39
Long bones
Longer than they are wide
Generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end
Primarily composed of compact bone
Example: Humerus
40
Short bones
Roughly cube-shaped
Contain more spongy bone than compact bone
Example: Carpals
41
Flat bones
Generally flattened along a major aspect of their geometry, but can be curved
Consists of two wafer-like layers of compact bone between a layer of spongy bone
Example: Sternum, ribs, occipital bone
42
Irregular bones
Do not fit in any other category due to their irregular morphology
Example: Vertebra
43
Sesamoid bones
Bones embedded in tendons
Small round bones
Commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet
Example: Patella
44
Periosteum
Encapsulates bones
Tough fibrous membrane that covers the compact bone
Composed of two layers:
*Outer fibrous layer where muscle tendons and bone ligaments attach
*Inner cellular layer that produces osteoblasts
45
Diaphysis
Long, central shaft of long bone
46
Proximal epiphysis
End of long bone closest to the trunk of the body
47
Distal epiphysis
End of long bone furthest away from trunk of body
48
Medullary cavity
Interior space within the diaphysis of a long bone
Contains high concentration of yellow marrow
49
Endosteum
Lines medullary cavity
50
Metaphysis
Between diaphysis and epiphysis
51
Epiphyseal line
Replaces epiphyseal plate
Indicates the bone has transitioned to the adult stage (no longer growing)
Bony remnant of growth plate
52
Epiphyseal plate
Also known as growth plate
Bone growth stops when cartilage of epiphyseal plate disappears and is replaced by bone
53
Flat bone (continued)
Thin bones with NO marrow cavity
Made of layer of spongy bone between superficial layers of compact bone
Contains red marrow within diploe
54
Cortex (flat bones)
Compact bone layers of flat bones
Individually called external and internal tables
Thick to provide strength for bone
55
Diploe
Spongy bone between the tables
Filled with red marrow
A type of loose connective tissue made of stem cells from which all blood cells arise
56
Projections
Processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints
57
Depressions
Indentations or openings in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels
58
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection
Projection
Example: Ischial tuberosity of pelvic bone
59
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Projection
Example: Ischial crest of pelvic bone
60
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Projection
Example: Trochanter of femur
61
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Projection
Example: Intertrochanteric line of femur
62
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Projection
Example: Adductor tubercle of femur
63
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Projection
Example: Lateral epicondyle of femur
64
Spine
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Projection
Example: Ischial spine of pelvic bone
65
Process
Any bony prominence
Projection
Example: Spinous process of vertebra
66
Head
Body expansion carried on a narrow neck
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Head of femur
67
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Facet of vertebra
68
Condyle
Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Condyle of femur
69
Ramus
Arm-like bar of bone
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Ramus of mandible
70
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Depressions and openings
Example: Vertebral foramen
71
Groove
Furrow
Depressions and openings
Example: Transverse sinus grooves
72
Fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening
Depressions and openings
Example: Anal fissure
73
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Depressions and openings
Example: Mandibular notch
74
Fossa
Shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Depressions and openings
Example: Temporal fossa
75
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Depressions and openings
Example: Internal auditory meatus
76
Sinus
Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Depressions and openings
Example: Maxillary sinuses
77
Cranium
Composed of 8 bones
Occipital, frontal, 2 temporal, 2 parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid
unlabeled: https://humanbiomedia.org/illustrations/skeletal-system/skull-bones/skull-lateral-multicolor.jpg
labeled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Cranial-Bones-Labeled.jpg
78
Face
Composed of 14 bones
2 palatine, 2 maxillary, 2 nasal, 2 zygomatic, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 lacrimal, vomer, mandible
Axis
unlabeled: https://o.quizlet.com/i/dlCP_LUYOX37vXNZ5ubsWA.jpg
labeled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Facial-Bones-Labeled.jpg
79
Associated bones
Composed of 7 bones
6 auditory ossicles, hyoid
Axis
Bones within ear: malleus, incus and stapes
80
Thoracic cage
Composed of 25 bones
1 sternum and 24 ribs
Axis
81
Vertebral column
Composed of 26 bones
24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
Axis
82
Coronal suture
Separates frontal and parietal bones
83
Sagittal suture
Separates parietal down midline
84
Lambdoid suture
Separates occipital and parietal bones
85
Frontonasal suture
Separates frontal and nasal bones
86
Occipitomastoid suture
Separates occipital and mastoid process of temporal bone
87
Hyoid bone
Does not articulate with any other bone
Many muscles originate or insert into hyoid bone
Best viewed on the full skeleton
88
5 types of vertebrae
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
89
Cervical vertebrae
Articulations between cervical vertebrae are not confined; allows for a wide range of motion in head and neck
Contains a bifid spinous process (divided into to equal parts) and a transverse foramen
90
Transverse foramina
Transmits the vertebral arteries, which form the basilar artery and deliver blood to brain
91
Thoracic vertebrae
Articulates with the ribs; limits flexion in thorax
Articular processes are directed anterior and posterior, which decreases flexion and extension in thorax
Face anteriorly
Involved in flexion and extension of thorax
92
Lumbar vertebrae
Articular processes are directed medially and laterally, which limits rotation in lower spine
Spinal cord proper stops at L1; Called cauda equina
93
Sacrum
Composed of 5 fused vertebrae
Sacral formina transmit blood vessels and spinal nerves to lower body
Provide stable anchoring point for bones of pelvic girdle
94
Coccyx
Composed of 4 fused vertebrae
Tail bone
Attachment point for several ligaments and muscles of pelvic floor
95
4 natural curvatures of spinal cord
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
96
Determining articular processes
The inferior articular process of a vertebra articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below it
When determining which articular processes are superior and which are inferior, it is based on their position on the vertebra
NOT their position in the joint
97
Atlas
First cervical vertebrae (C1)
Contains no body, a large vertebral foramen, and no spinous process
Articulates with the skull
Dens is part of the axis cervical vertebrae
https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/19313466/fb9a1287d47ba08caf77bcb01859aa_gallery.jpeg
98
Axis
Second cervical vertebrae (C2)
Transverse foramen does not look like a hole when faced superiorly
Articulates with the atlas
Primary function is to provide atlas with pivot point for when head turns laterally and medially
The dens fits up inside atlas to form atlanto-axis joint, which allows rotation of head
https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/19313497/5f061ccc0098e229822417b9f3c8d5_gallery.jpeg
99
Cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) looks
Cervical vertebrae have a transverse foramen, a bifid spinous process, and a lateral-sided foot shape
https://neupsykey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/C1-FF1.gif
100
Thoracic vertebrae looks
Thoracic vertebrae have multiple cartilage, transverse processes that extend out as far as spinous process, spinous process that extends diagonally down, and a longer heart shaped body
https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-50758-9_2/MediaObjects/451250_1_En_2_Fig3_HTML.png
101
Lumbar vertebrae looks
Lumbar vertebrae have a curvy spinous process when faced superiorly, a lateral-sided cube shape, fin like bumps on transverse process when faced superiorly, and wide but small wings
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSWoV3x63MQVHtf-HjORVz7q8jl6G-LLB_pgA&s
102
Sacral vertebrae and coccyx look
Made up of five fused vertebrae
Large articular cartilage, multiple sacral forminas, and connects directly to coccyx
Made up of four fused vertebrae
Small and connects directly to coccyx
https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Sacrum-Labeled.jpg
103
Pairs of ribs articulation
12 pairs of ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
10 pairs of ribs connect to sternum anteriorly
104
Sternum
Composed of three bony elements:
Manubrium, the sternal body, and inferior xiphoid process
105
Manubrium
Articulates with sternal body at sternal angle
Articulates with clavicle at clavicular notch
106
Xiphoid process
Attachment site for several muscles and is made up of hyaline cartilage until late adulthood
107
Costal cartilage
Attaches ribs to sternum
Somewhat flexible allowing for expansion of rib cage during inhalation
108
True ribs
First seven pairs
Costal cartilages attaches directly to the sternum
109
False ribs
Rib pairs 8-12
Costal cartilage do not connect to sternum directly
110
Floating ribs
Rib pairs 11-12
Subset of false ribs
Do not articulate with sternum
Protects kidneys
111
Ribs
Has a head with two articular facets for articulating with the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae
Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae
Costal groove runs on inferior border of inner face of all ribs and carries a neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, and nerve)
https://o.quizlet.com/U5jMg.P3sFXZ9X2xDwktQg_b.png
112
Pectoral girdles
Composed of 4 bones
2 clavicle, 2 scapula
Appendicular
113
Pelvic girdle
Composed of 2 bones
2 ox coxa
Appendicular
114
Upper limbs
Composed of 60 bones
2 humerus, 2 ulna, 2 radius, 16 carpal bones, 10 metacarpal bones, 28 phalanges
Appendicular
115
Lower limbs
Composed of 60 bones
2 femur, 2 patella, 2 tibia, 2 fibula, 14 tarsal bones, 10 metatarsal bones, 28 phalanges
Appendicular
116
Synarthroses
Joints that do not allow for any movement
Example: Sutures of the skull and epiphyseal lines
117
Amphiarthroses
Joints that allow for a little movement thanks to connective tissue
Example: Ligamentous connections between tibia and fibula
Example: Pubic symphysis
118
Diarthroses
Joints that have free movement thanks to joint capsules that contain synovial fluid
Also known as synovial joints
119
Synovial joints
Also known as diarthroses
Can be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial
120
Nonaxial movement
Permits translational movement
Example: Gliding and plane
121
Plane joints
Also known as gliding joints
Common where flat articular surfaces slide by neighboring bones
Typically nonaxial and limited due to supporting ligaments
Example: Wrist and tarsals
122
Uniaxial movement
Permits movement in one plane
Example: Hinge and pivot
123
Hinge joints
Uniaxial
Flexion and extension
Operates like a door hinge
Located in elbows, knees, fingers, and toes
124
Pivot joints
Uniaxial
Rotation
Permits one bone to rotate around another
125
Biaxial movement
Permits movement in two planes
Example: Condylar and saddle
126
Condylar joints
Biaxial
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
A convex surface of one bone that articulates in a concave depression of another bone
Example: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
127
Saddle joint
Biaxial
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Articular surfaces are both convex and concave
Found at the junction between the thumb metacarpus and the trapezium bone of the wrist
128
Multiaxial movement
Permits movement in three planes
Example: Ball and socket joints
129
Ball and socket joints
Multiaxial
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation
Occur where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone
Permits a variety of movements
Example: Hip and shoulder
130
Common injuries in the knee
Tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus, and medial collateral ligament
Occurs when ligaments are stretched beyond their capacity to hold the bones together
Either from hyperextension/hyperflexion or an outward force to the knee
131
Articular cartilage
Caps epiphyses in synovial joints
A slippery gelatinous surface of hyaline cartilage that protects the epiphyses and prevents the bones from making contact across the joint cavity
132
Synovial membrane
Lines synovial joint cavity and produces synovial fluid
133
Hip dysplasia
When the acetabulum (head of femur) develops too shallow in infants
Head of femur cannot fit properly inside the coxal bone
Causes femur to dislocate from the hip very easily
Can eventually cause arthritis
134
Rotator cuff muscles
Each contain a tendon that converges on fibrous "cuff" surrounding the lateral head of the humerus
Tension produced by these muscles stabilize the head of the humerus within the glenoid cavity
Allows the shoulder to have a wide range of movements
Connections of ligaments go around the joint
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
135
Scapula looks
Anterior: smooth
Posterior: Has spine of scapula
Left vs right: glenoid cavity, acromion process, coracoid process face laterally
Unlabelled: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/00/f6/25/00f62541c1773223d2af14444b0f602e.jpg
Labelled : https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/09/803_The_Scapula.jpg
136
Clavicle looks
Inferior: Conoid tubercle on inferior side
Left vs right: Sternal end towards medial side (flatter); Acromial end towards lateral side (rounder)
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/491fbGXzoH3PwDAGt9orDw_b.jpg
Labelled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Clavicle.jpg
137
Humerus looks
Anterior: Has radial fossa and coronoid fossa
Posterior: Has olecranon fossa
Left vs right: Head of humerus faces medial side from anterior side
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/C61DNzwWtEaQ3oqXa.7ntA_b.jpg
Labelled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Humerus.jpg
138
Ulna and radius looks
Ulna: Has elbow connection; 2 processes
Anterior: Trochlear notch, olecranon, coronoid process
Left vs right: Radial notch faces laterally; Coronoid process rounded area on medial side
Radius: Has elbow connection; Styloid process
Left vs right: Styloid process of radius on lateral side; Radial tuberosity on medial side; Both seen from anterior side
Unlabelled: https://cdn-useast.purposegames.com/images/game/bg/599/7RpQVuAFHjZ.png?s=1400
Labelled: https://sciencediagrams.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/radius_and_ulna_labeled2.jpg
139
Fingers and wrists looks
Anterior: Pisiform and hook hamate visible; Palm side up
Unlabelled: https://www.clker.com/cliparts/4/6/3/3/14985515941281715851hand-bones-unlabeled.hi.png
Labelled: https://www.shutterstock.com/shutterstock/photos/15311329/display_1500/stock-photo-human-hand-bones-labeled-15311329.jpg
140
Carpal bone mnemonic
Anterior: So Long To Pinky Here Comes The Thumb
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
141
Pelvic girdle looks
Unlabelled: https://cdn-useast.purposegames.com/images/game/bg/391/YmXsgb7FQot.png?s=1400
Labelled: https://img.brainkart.com/article/article-The-Pelvic-Girdle-Mcf.jpg
142
Os coxae looks
Each coxal bone is made up of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Medial: Articular surface visible
Lateral: Acetabulum visible
Left vs right: From medial view, acetabulum will be on lateral side facing corresponding side
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/WzJazOol6SrwjPAABLmVtw_b.png
Labelled: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2014/07/19181429/808_Hip_Bone.jpg
143
Biological male vs female pelvis
Male pelvis: Narrow pubic arch and pelvic brim, and a ventrally curved coccyx
Female pelvis: Evolved to its maximum width for childbirth; Wide pubic arch, oval shaped pelvic brim, and a straight coccyx
Sex-related skeletal features are not obvious in children's bones
144
Femur looks
Posterior: Shows intercondylar notch and large rounded condyles
Left vs right: Head of femur faces medially from anterior view
Unlabelled: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e48489da899cd09424943db/0288e63e-0f46-451b-aec1-c4ac448e3550/femur-anatomy-quiz-labeled-diagram.jpeg
Labelled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Femur-Bone-Labeled-Diagram.jpg
145
Tibia and fibula looks
Tibia: Larger
Anterior: Tibial tuberosity visible
Left vs right: Medial malleolus on medial side
Fibula: Smaller
Left vs right: Lateral malleolus on lateral side
Unlabelled: https://www.registerednursern.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/tibia-fibula-quiz-anatomy.png
Labelled: https://simplenursing.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-right-tibia-and-fibula-6.png
146
Patella looks
Unlabelled: https://media.memorang.com/images/148a03b7-7bbf-40a9-9c22-db6ce3e73cae.jpg
Labelled: https://prohealthsys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Gray467-468.jpg
147
Foot looks
Superior: Talus
Unlabelled: https://www.registerednursern.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/bones-of-the-foot-quiz.jpg
Labelled: https://as2.ftcdn.net/v2/jpg/02/79/11/55/1000_F_279115591_LrJd8z08efpO4TnynTUHqLhV37yncUAo.jpg
148
Tarsal bone mnemonics
Mother In Law Can Call The Nanny
Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid, Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular
