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Bio 319 (A&P) > Lab Exam 1 - Histology and Integumentary system > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 - Histology and Integumentary system Flashcards

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1
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines and covers organs, creates boundaries between different environments, and forms glands

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2
Q

Epithelia functions

A

Filtration, absorption, protection, secretion, excretion, and sensory reception

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3
Q

Apical or free surface

A

Surface where cells are exposed to either external environment or to an internal passageway or cavity
These cells obtain nutrients by diffusion of substances from connective tissue underlying the epithelia

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4
Q

Basal lamina

A

Epithelium is attached to body via a basal lamina
Located between epithelium and its connective tissue layer
Functions as filter at base of epithelium

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5
Q

Simple epithelium

A

One layer
Main functions: Diffusion, absorption, filtration, and secretion
Microvilli or cilia on apical/free surface for increased surface area

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6
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Composed of more than one layer
Found in areas exposed to abrasion and friction
Main function is protection
Stratified epithelia regenerate from basal cells and move out to replace older cells near apical border

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7
Q

Apical cells

A

Epithelial cells closest to external environment
Farthest from blood supply and thus atrophy and flatten (in stratified squamous)

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

Regeneration: Easily regenerate; Good because many epithelia are exposed to friction or hostile substances
Polarity: Membranes always have one free surface (apical) and its significantly different from the basal surface; Apical surfaces commonly have microvilli and cilia
Cellularity and specialized contacts: Cells fit together to form membranes and are bound together
Supported by connective tissue: Cells are attached to and supported by a basement membrane
Avascularity: Lining epithelial tissues have no blood supply of their own, but instead depend on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue
Innervated: Supplied by nerve fibers

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

An amorphous material secreted partly by epithelial cells and connective tissue cells that lie adjacent to each other with the reticular lamina deeper than the basal lamina
Helps epithelia resist tearing and stretching, reinforces structural integrity, and creates a boundary

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10
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Very vascular
Makes up any gland in body
Function is directly related to its location

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11
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Located in kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity, ALVELOI
Unlabelled: https://kitng.me/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/untitled-shoot-2959.jpg?w=1600&h=768&crop=1
Labelled: https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/39/h5p/content/59/images/image-6375048bd735d.jpg

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12
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Secretion and absorption
Located in the walls of ducts and secretory portions of small glands, KIDNEY TUBULES, ovary surface
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/EXaK0p3iCA5CVEp4-dX3Hw_b.png
Labelled: https://o.quizlet.com/zhdDI8Nr-WGzPKjuuKB6vQ_b.jpg

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13
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layers may contain goblet cells (mucus-secreting unicellular glands)
Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action
Nonciliated type lines most of DIGESTIVE TRACT, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, UTERINE TUBES, and some regions of UTERUS
Unlabelled: https://www.flinnsci.ca/globalassets/flinn-scientific/all-product-images-rgb-jpegs/ml1285.jpg
Labelled: https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/39/h5p/content/39/images/file-63626c3c60cf0.jpg

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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Thick membrane composed of several layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface are squamous; in keratinized type, surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin
Labelled: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Yy2x3dWN7J4/maxresdefault.jpg
Keratinized: https://vmicro.iusm.iu.edu/hs_vm/images/epi9_kerat.jpg
Non-keratinized: https://study.com/cimages/videopreview/what-is-stratified-squamous-epithelium_01040301_139938.jpg

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15
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of cells of differing heights; some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the TRACHEA, most of the upper respiratory tract
Unlabelled: https://microanatomy.net/_Media/application-7_med.png
Labelled: https://anatomytool.org/sites/default/files/16795-384.jpg

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16
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like, depending on degree of organ stretch
Stretches readily and permits distension of certain hollow organs
Lines the URETERS, URINARY BLADDER, and part of the urethra
Unlabelled: https://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumlarge/2/3-urinary-bladder-transitional-epithelium-jose-calvo–science-photo-library.jpg
Labelled: https://ibiologia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/slide_25.jpg
Labelled: https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/yalehistology/epithelia/transitional_epithelia.jpg

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17
Q

Connective tissues

A

Provides body with structural support and a means of joining structural components to one another

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18
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Connects, protects, stores reserve energy, insulates body, and transports substances throughout the body

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19
Q

Cells within connective tissue

A

Cells in connective tissue are widely scattered throughout the tissue
These cells produce and secret protein fibers and a ground substance, that together form the extracellular matrix
Suspended in the ground substance are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

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20
Q

Collagen fibers

A

The strongest fiber
Made up of the protein collagen
Made up of many cross-linked collagen fibrils which is what gives the fibers their strength

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21
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Largely made of elastin, a protein which forms a branching network in the extracellular matrix to provide stretch and recoil
Connective tissue will stretch to the limits of collagen fibers and then recoil back due to elastic fibers

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22
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Short, fine fibers made also of collagen but with a different chemistry and form than that of the collagen fibers
Reticular fibers form fuzzy nets that have more give or play

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23
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose and dense connective tissue
A thick liquid matrix and a variety of cell types

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24
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Stationary cells that secrete proteins that join other molecules in the matrix to form fibers

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25
Mast cells
Detect foreign microorganisms and initiate immune responses against them
26
Loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, and reticular
27
Dense connective tissue
Made up of two types of fibers: protein fibers assembled it thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers of widely scattered cells
28
Dense regular
Type of dense connective tissue Proteins fibers in the matrix are arranged in parallel bands
29
Dense irregular
Type of dense connective tissue Fibers are interwoven Has fibers that run in many directions and is found where tension is exerted from many different directions
30
Fluid connective tissue
Two types: Blood and lymph Blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells Leukocytes mediate immune responses and tissue response to injury
31
Supporting connective tissue
Two types: Bone and cartilage Contain a strong matrix of fibers capable of supporting body weight and stress
32
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
33
Areolar tissue
Loose connective tissue Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white cells Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid Widely distributed under the skin Unlabelled: https://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/11-areolar-connective-tissue-lm-science-stock-photography.jpg Labelled: https://diagramweb.net/img/areolar-connective-tissue-diagram.png
34
Adipose tissue
Loose connective tissue Displacement of nucleus and cytoplasm due to storage of lipids Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat cells) have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breast Unlabelled: https://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumlarge/2/1-adipose-tissue-jose-calvo-science-photo-library.jpg Labelled: https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/White-adipose-tissue.jpg
35
Reticular tissue
Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) Unlabelled: https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/White-adipose-tissue.jpg Labelled: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/reticular-tissue.jpg
36
Dense regular connective tissue
Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bone to bone; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Located in tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses Unlabelled: https://eugraph.com/histology/ctprop/ctprimag/dereg.jpg Labelled: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRaLY_TiY3KQJNGj0igGhMIQJHlB4uQEuXpig&s
37
Fascia
Flat layers of dense regular connective tissue Protects and isolates muscles from surrounding structures and allows muscle movement
38
Dense regular elastic tissue
Dense regular elastic tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs through respiration Located within walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with vertebral column; within the walls of bronchial tubes Unlabelled: https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-4f92417e48355184bb9a590bbcc65f99-lq Labelled: https://o.quizlet.com/MMp-MwxhLcX5tW794MhuDQ.jpg
39
Blood
Composed mostly of formed elements that are suspended in a liquid ground substance called plasma Formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances Contained within blood vessels Unlabelled: https://med.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/38248/Blood_Connective_Tissue_%2540400x.jpeg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=676&height=305 Labelled: https://cdn-useast.purposegames.com/images/game/bg/636/2kQ9NZjHuiV.png?s=1400
40
Hyaline cartilage
Most common cartilage in the body Has an apparent lack of fibers in the matrix; they are not visible Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunae Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress Forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx Unlabelled: https://medcell.org/histology/connective_tissue_lab/images/hyaline_cartilage.jpg Labelled: https://o.quizlet.com/KscJD7MI75FurOdFqObaCw.jpg
41
Elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility Supports the external ear; epiglottis Unlabelled: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQdM0n8OdtGQEPfhWY78Elryl0_-exFQQXQBQ&s Labelled: https://media.cheggcdn.com/media/222/222e27ca-80fc-437f-9ee3-e395c2d54e95/phpbbDVTe
42
Fibrocartilage
Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock Intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, discs of knee joint Unlabelled: https://cdn.britannica.com/18/106518-004-2A3B3A15/fibrocartilage.jpg Labelled: https://www.nature-microscope-photo-video.com/pub/media/catalog/product/cache/0bbf10ac3a760b9ee8ab2ee5272ed73d/0/1/010505c0209050203previewen-03e.jpg
43
Skeletal muscle tissue
Composed of long cells called muscle fibers Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation in the environment; facial expression In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin Unlabelled: https://histology-online.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Muscle.jpg Labelled: https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/6/6e/Skeletal_muscle_histology_012.jpg
44
Cardiac muscle tissue
Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs); contains striations As it contracts, it propels blood into circulation; involuntary control Located within the walls of the heart Unlabelled: https://histology.siu.edu/ssb/images/NM018b.jpg Labelled: https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/e/ef/Heart_histology_002.jpg
45
Smooth muscle tissue
Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets Propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control Located mostly in walls of hollow organs Unlabelled: https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/p1540046/800wm Labelled: https://images.slideplayer.com/27/8991850/slides/slide_5.jpg
46
Nervous tissue
Made up of cells called neurons and glial cells Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are the non-irritable supporting cells Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) Located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves Unlabelled: https://live.staticflickr.com/974/41850849912_d7d08d0444_h.jpg Labelled: https://histology.siu.edu/ssb/images/motoneur.jpg
47
Osteon cell
Unlabelled: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bone_connective_tissue.jpg/220px-Bone_connective_tissue.jpg Labelled: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Transverse_section_of_bone_en.svg/1200px-Transverse_section_of_bone_en.svg.png https://pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/7863/2024/01/Slide1-e1704667164873-1024x593.jpg
48
Integumentary system
Comprises of skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails) Unlabelled: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309480351/figure/fig1/AS:421942487457792@1477610336148/Microscopic-image-of-real-human-skin-presenting-the-two-defined-layers-Epidermis-and.png Labelled: https://cdn.ps.emap.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/Fig-2-Layers-of-the-skin-1024x758.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Epidermis-delimited.JPG
49
Skin
Skin is largest organ of body Two main tissue layers: superficial and avascular epidermis and the deep and vascularized dermis layer
50
Integumentary system functions
Regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors, ensure water homeostasis, protect the body from environment, and manufacture vitamin D3
50
Epidermis
Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium organized into layers called strata Most cells in epidermis are keratinocytes (produce the protein keratin) Keratinocytes are produced by basal layer of the epidermis and migrate out As they move, they fill with keratin and gradually lose all other function until they fall off body Five layers of epidermis: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (Come Lets Get Sun Burnt)
51
Dermis
Layer of irregularly arranged flexible, but strong, connective tissue that supports and nourishes the epidermis Contains rich supply of nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels Divided into two layers: Papillary and reticular
52
Papillary layer
Consists of areolar tissue that contains collagen and elastic fibers Folds in the papillary layer, called dermal papillae, form large mounds in thick skin called dermal ridges that make-up fingerprints Layer also houses phagocytes that protect us from bacteria
53
Reticular layer
Below the papillary layer Contains thick collagen fibers in dense, irregular connective tissue with pockets of adipose cells Hair follicles and glands originate from this follicle
54
Terminal hair
Thich, coarse, heavy, dark hairs on scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes
55
Vellus hair
Lightly pigmented and distributed over much of the skin as fine "peach fuzz" Pale and found all over bodies of children and adults
56
Intermediate hair
Hair on arms and legs
57
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands Flank hair follicle; Where sebum (oil) is secreted Unlabelled: https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1177366654/photo/human-head-skin-with-root-of-hair-under-the-microscope.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=um9sZ37hyOKWiH0HnBgia6tDEb_l6zMXACtiBrdInAw= Labelled: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/2956/2018/01/30204812/IU_M2_9b.jpg
58
Sebum
Functions as lubricant for hair root (below surface of skin) Secreted onto outer surface of stratum corneum, where it serves as an antibacterial function and as a lubricant for surrounding skin
59
Exocrine glands
Secrete their substances onto a body surface or into a body cavity and do not release hormones into circulation Unicellular exocrine glands release secretions by exocytosis directly onto epithelial surface Multicellular glands release secretions through a duct on its way to the surface Produces substances such as saliva, oil, sweat, mucus, bile, and digestive enzymes from the pancreas

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