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PSY 209 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of biological bases of psychological processes and behavior

A

Behavioral Neuroscience

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2
Q

Behavior Related to brain activity

A

Proximate: Physiological

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3
Q

A trait that is passed down from a common ancestor to two or more species

A

Conserved

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4
Q

The process by which an individual changes in their lifetime (ie growing old)

A

Ontogeny

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5
Q

Finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves manipulating body structure or function and looking for resultant changes in behavior.

A

Somatic Intervention

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6
Q

An approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an organism and looking for the resultant changes in body structure or function

A

Behavioral Intervention

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7
Q

Finding the extent to which a given body measure varies with a given behavioral measure

A

Correlation

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8
Q

How neurons can respond to change in enviornment

A

Neuroplasticity

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9
Q

Scientific strategy of breaking down a system into smaller parts to understand

A

Reductionism

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10
Q

The scope of experimental approaches
(Brain, nerve cells, molecules, etc)

A

Levels of analysis

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11
Q

designs an experiment to study whether brain
transplants relieve the resting tremors seen in
Parkinson’s Disease. Approach:_________.

A

Somatic Intervention

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12
Q

designs an experiment to study the effects of social
stress on brain activation. Approach:____.

A

Behavioral Intervention

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13
Q

designs an experiment to determine whether a new
compound reduces anxiety. Approach:__.

A

Somatic Intervention

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14
Q

designs an experiment to test the effects of a new
COVID variant on memory. Approach:__.

A

Somatic Intervention

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15
Q

CAT or CT

A

X-Rays from all around the head. Structural Technique.

Spatial Resolution: 1 mm

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16
Q

MRI

A

Large magnet, is able to distinguish regions with varying cell densities, more detailed than CT scans. Structural Technique.

Spatial Resolution: 2.5 mm

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17
Q

DTI

A

Modified form of MRI, determines direction of fiber tracts within the brain. Structural Technique.

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18
Q

EEG

A

Electric waves of brain activity, not that sensitive to look at deep brain or specific structures. Function/Activity Technique.

Spatial Resolution: 10 mm
Temporal Resolution: Milliseconds

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19
Q

PET scan

A

Radioactive chemicals (often glucose) is injected into the bloodstream which travels to specific regions under different conditions.

Spatial Resolution: 4-5 mm
Temporal Resolution: in the minutes range

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20
Q

fMRI

A

Magnetic field gradients used to detect changes in the blood flow, identifies brain regions active during a given task.

Spatial Resolution: ~1 mm
Temporal Resolution: in seconds range

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21
Q

Basic unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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22
Q

Non-neuronal cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support to the brain

A

Glial Cells

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23
Q

Hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally

A

Neuron Doctrine

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24
Q

Tiny gap between neurons

A

Synapse

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25
What are the types of unipolar neurons?
Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons
26
Referring to the region of the synapse that releases the neurotransmitter
Presynaptic
27
Referring to the region of the synapse that receives and responds to the neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic
28
The specialized membrane of the axon terminal
Presynaptic membrane
29
The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experiences of the environment
Neural Plasticity
30
A specialized protein molecule that conveys a load, such as a vesicle from one location to another within a cell
Motor protein
31
The transportation of materials (term 1) from the neural cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons (term 2) , and from the axon terminals back to the cell body (term 3)
Axonal transport Anterograde transport Retrograde transport
32
Birth of new neurons that occurs throughout life
Neurogenesis
33
Creates myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System
Schwann
34
Creates myelin in the Central Nervous System
Oligodendrocyte
35
Caused by a loss of myelin and Oligodendrocytes
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
36
Support and regulate cells, providing nourishment, repair, and helps clean up debris
Astrocytes
37
Resident immune cells of the brain, brain development, synapse pruning, help clean up debris
Microglia
38
Nerves that interconnect the brain and the skeletal muscles and sensory systems. Voluntary movement
Somatic Nervous System
39
Nerves that primarily control the viscera (internal organs). Unconscious movement
Autonomic Nervous System
40
Under the Somatic Nervous System. 12 pairs of nerves.
Cranial Nerves - 3 Sensory (olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear) - 5 Motor (Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, spinal accessory, hypoglossal) - 4 Sensory/Motor (Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
41
Under the Somatic Nervous System. 31 pairs of nerves.
Spinal Nerves - 8 Cervical - 12 Thoracic - 5 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 1 Coccygeal
42
Spinal nerve that moves sensory information from body to spinal cord
Dorsal (back) root
43
Spinal nerve that moves motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles
Ventral (front) root
44
Arouses the body for action using preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic Nervous System
45
Relaxes the body using the preganglionic neurons in the cranial nerves and the sacral spinal cord
Parasympathetic Nervous System
46
"Hill" ridges in the cortex
Gyrus
47
"Valley" furrows in the cortex
Sulcus
48
Helps with shock, absorption, buoyancy, and exchange of fluids in the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
49
What are the three parts of the brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
50
What are the two parts of the Forebrain
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
51
List every part of Telencephalon (and their function)
- Cerebral cortex: - Amygdala: Emotional Regulation - Hippocampus: Learning and Memory - Basal Ganglia: Motor Control - Limbic System: Emotional Regulator
52
List ever part of the Cerebral Cortex (and their function)
- Frontal lobe: Movement, speech, memory - Broca's area: Production of speech - Parietal Lobe: Sensory - Temporal Lobe: Hearing, olfactory, gustatry - Wernicke's area: Comprehension of Speech - Occipital Lobe: Vision
53
List every part of the Diencephalon (and their function)
- Thalmus: receives and feeds info from the cortex - Hypothalmus: Mantaining homeostasis
54
List every part of the Midbrain (and their function)
1. Tectum ("roof") - Superior and inferior colliculus 2. Tegmentum - Ventral tegremental area
55
What are the two parts of the Hindbrain?
1. Metencephalon 2. Myelencephalon
56
List the parts of the Metencephalon (and their function)
- Cerebellum: Fine motor coordination, balance, and memory - Pons: Relay center from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
57
List the parts of the Myelencephalon (and their function)
- Medulla: Vital functions (breathing, heart rate, etc)
58
Study of electrical and chemical processes in neurons
Neurophysiology
59
Watery solution inside of cells
Intracellular Fluid/Cytoplasm
60
Fluid in the spaces between cells and in vascular system
Extracellular Fluid
61
Negatively charged ions
Anions (Chloride, protein molecules)
62
Positively charged ions
Cations (Sodium, potasium)
63
Difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation
Resting Potential
64
What are the two types of ion transport?
Pumps and channels
65
How do channels operate?
Through diffusion or electrostatic pressure
66
What is the exchange rate in Sodium-Potassium pumps?
3 Sodium ions in for every 2 Potassium ions out
67
An increase in membrane potential where the interior of the membrane becomes even more negative relative to the outside
Hyperpolarization
68
A decrease in membrane potential where the interior of the cell becomes less negative
Depolarization
69
Opens or closes only at specific membrane voltages, and is closed at the membrane's resting potential.
Voltage-gated channel
70
Brief and massive depolarization that travels down the axon
Action potential (can only travel in one direction)
71
At an given time depends on how many and which ion channels are open
Membrane potential
72
Time when only some stimuli can produce an action potential
Refractory period
73
Time when only strong stimulations can produce and action potential
Relative refractory period
74
The action potential travels inside the axon and jumps from node to node
Saltatory Conduction
75
The speed of propagation of action potential which varies with the diameter of the axon.
Conduction Velocity *slow in unmyelinated axons (invertebrates)
76
Action potential occurs when a threshold level of depolarization is reached at the axon hillock
All or none
77
Person who thought that the nervous system was a network of interconnected fibers, called the Reticularist view.
Camillo Golgi
78
Person who thought that the nervous system is made from discrete cells, called the Neuronist view.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
79
Name for synapse connected at the cell body
Axo-somatic synapse
80
Name for synapse connected at dendrite
Axo-dendric synapse
81
Name for synapse connected at the axon teminals
Axo-axonic synapse
82
Resting potential is decreased, cell is depolarized
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
83
Resting potential is increased, cell is hyperpolarized
Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
84
Postsynaptic potential is __ and ___ across time and space. If PSPs sum to reach the threshold at axon hillock, then action potential.
graded; additive
85
What is the language used in the CNS?
Nucleus and Tract
86
What is the language used in the PNS?
Ganglion and nerve
87
Where is dorsal on your head?
Top
88
Where is ventral on your head?
neck
89
Where is rostral on your head?
face
90
Where is caudal on your head?
back
91
Where is medial on your head?
Nose
92
Where is lateral on your head?
ears
93
Development of the structure of behavior
Proximate: Developmental
94
How/mechanism, consider the lifetime of the individual (Physiological, Developmental)
Proximate
95
Considering evolutionary history
Ultimate: Evolutionary
96
Why a behavior evolved in a species
Ultimate: Functional
97
Why, consider evolutionary time (Evolutionary, Functional)
Ultimate

PSY 209 (4 decks)

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