Exam 2 Flashcards by A Rogers

Communication in blood stream

Endocrine Function

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Communication in synapses

Synaptic transmission (Neurocrine function)

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Communication in the same cell

Autocrine Function

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Communication in nearby cells

Paracrine function

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Communication within the same species

Pheromone function

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Communication between different species

Allomone function

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Describe the 1st experiment on behavioral Endocrinology

1st group of roosters –> control –> normal agressive behavior and normal features
2nd group of roosters –> castrated –> no aggressive behavior and small features
3rd group of roosters –> castration and re-implantation into the abdomen –> normal aggressive behavior and normal features

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By who and when was the first study on behavioral endocrinology conducted

Berthold 1849

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What are the 3 main traits of hormones?

Chemicals that are secreted by an endocrine gland
travel through the bloodstream
regulate target organs or tissues via specific neurons

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Hormone effects that are permanent and have impacts on a organism’s development

Organizational Effects

(Testosterone or Estrogen in puberty)

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Hormone effects that have short-lived effects that occur and then go away

Activational Effects

(Musth in elephants or menstruation(?))

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What is the communication between the neurocrine and the endocrine systems called?

*draw a diagram

Neuroendocrine communication

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What are the four major endocrine structures?

Hypothalmus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
gonads

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Control of hormone secretions

Hypothalmus
(in brain)

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Reproductive maturation, body rhythms, melatonin

Pineal gland
(in brain)

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Hypothalmic hormones are released into the median eminence and then transported to the ____ where they control hormone release. Makes its own hormones.
(Hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads; growth)

Anterior pituitary

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Hormones are secreted directly from hypothalamic neurons into the bloodstream at _____. Releases hormones produced in hypothalmus.
(Water balance; salt balance)

Posterior pituitary

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Body development; maintenance of reproductive organs in adults; secrete hormones; produce gametes

Gonads

(testes and ovaries)

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Which is false?
a. Some targets can be affected by more than one hormone type
b. Neuroendocrine communication occurs when a neuron releases hormones that enter the bloodstream
c. Peptide hormones are from cholesterol
d. Some hormones can affect more than one target

c. Peptide hormones are from cholesterol

Peptide hormones are from a string of amino acids, steroid hormones are from cholesterol

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Hormone comprised of a string of amino acids

Peptide Hormones

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Hormone comprised of modified amino acids

Amine Hormones

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Hormone comprised of cholesterol

Steroid hormones

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Type of hormone that bind to receptors in cell membranes and then activate second messengers

Protein/Peptide and Amine Hormones

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Type of hormone that pass through cell membrane, binding to receptors on the inside of the cell as well as in the cell membrane

Steroid hormones

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The area between the anterior and the posterior pituitary gland

Median Eminence

Veins in the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

Hypophyseal portal veins

What are the chemicals produced in the Anterior Pituitary gland?

Follicle Stimulating hormone Lutenizing hormone Adrenocortico-tropic hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Prolactin Endophins Growth Hormone

Condition where too much Growth Hormone is produced

Acromegaly

What steroid hormones do testes produce?

Androgens (Leydig cells)

What steroid hormones do ovaries produce?

Estrogens (theca cells, corpora lutea), progesterone (corpora lutea)

How are the gonads regulated?

Regulated by the hypothalmus

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones present?

- Larynx - Muscle - Fat cells - breast cells - Skin (beards and baldness; toughness) - Spinal cord - Brain (hypothalmus, preoptic area, amygdala, brainstem, cortex)

Process by which a population of interbreeding individuals changes over long periods of time. This happens without following a specific path

Evolution

Theory that indicates that evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction. Otherwise known as the mechanism of evolution

Natural selection

What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?

Artificial selection is intentional, Natural selection is not

What are the 4 main observations of natural selection?

1. Reproduction witll increase a population rapidly unless factors limit it 2. Individuals of a species are not identical 3. Some variation of species is inherited 4. Not all offspring survive to reproduce

Who are considered to be the pioneers of natural selection?

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Sexual selection within sexes

Intrasexual selection

Explains how some traits are evolved within the species (only Darwin)

Sexual selection

What does the modern evolutionary synthesis combine?

Darwin and Wallaces natural selection, genetics, paleontology, geology, and others.

Spontaneous changes in genes

Mutations

diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among species using physical and genetic characteristics

Phylogenetic tree

Resemblance based on common ancestry

Homology

Process by which responses to similar ecological features bring about similarities in behavior or structure among animals that are only distantly related

Convergent evolution

How do nervous systems vary across invertebrates and vertebrate species?

All vertebrates have CNS and PNS, but there are often differences in the size and organization of the brain Invertebrates don't have a single type of nervous system

These are chemicals that are produced within our bodies.

Endogenous chemicals

These are chemicals that are produced outside our bodies.

Exogenous chemical

fast response, this because they house ion channels so that when the NT binds with the receptor, the ion channels open rapidly

Ionotropic receptors

slower response because the associated ion channel is located elsewhere in the cell membrane; causes a cascade

Metabotropic receptors

How neurotransmitters work

mimics the NT and binds to the NT receptor, inducing the same effects as the NT would upon its binding with its receptor.

agonists

binds to the NT receptor but blocks it, inhibiting the effect of the NT

antagonists

Degrade the enzymes in the synaptic cleft that will typically reuptake serotonin. Help with depression

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (or MAOIs) (SSRIs block reuptake of serotonin)

arousal (alertness), sleep, and cognition; primary NT released by preganglionic cells contacting sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

Acetylcholine (or ACh)

catecholamines (examples: dopamine, norepinephrine) and indoleamines (seretonin)

Monoamines

Not all similarities across species are based on common ancestry

Analogies

motor movement and reward center (depending on where produced in the brain)

Dopamine

involved also in arousal and mood; assisting with the “flight or fight” response

Norepinephrine

involved in sleep, feeding, arousal, and pain; produced in the raphe nuclei in the midbrain.

Serotonin

Glutamate and GABA

Aminoacids

the main excitatory NT in the nervous system

Glutamate

The main inhibitory NT for the nervous system

GABA

These chemicals normally alleviate pain; An example is endorphins

Opioid peptides

These are non-traditional NTs as they are produced in dendrites and released immediately (so they are not stored in vesicles). They do not bind to receptors and diffuse freely across. In this manner they can directly affect second messengers.

Gases

These chemicals produce insensitive to pain, drowsiness, and decreased responsiveness to events; highly addictive

Narcotics

These chemicals enhance wakefulness, alertness, and locomotion; highly addictive

Stimulants

These chemicals decrease or reduce the activity of the nervous system

Depressants

Create cognitive changes; active ingredient is THC

Marijuana

mind altering chemicals, distortions of sensory experiences

Hallucinogens or psychedelics

Are humans still evolving today?

Yes! Ex. lactose intolerance going down with time

Where is Acetylcholine produced in the CNS?

basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum area.

Where is Acetylcholine produced in the PNS?

How do Curare and Botox interfere with cholinegic system?

Antagonist to Acetylcholine, leading to less muscle movement

How is Alzheimer's related to Acetylcholine?

With less acetylcholine, Alzheimer's can occur

Where are Monoamines produced?

Brain

Where are the types monoamines?

catecholamines (examples: dopamine, norepinephrine) and indoleamines (serotonin)

Explain the HPA Axis

Hypothalmus release "corticotropin release hormone" that trigger the Anterior Pituitary gland which releases "Adrenocorticotropic hormone" that trigger the Adrenal Cortex that releases "Cortisol" that has a negative feedback on the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalmus. Its for stress

How to tell the "Brainiest"?

Brain weight/body weight (Encephalization factor)

Exam 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)