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behavioral neuroscience > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

what is the society of neuroscience

A

founded in 1969; headquarters in DC; nearly 40,000 members

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2
Q

what does neuroscience focus on

A

the connection between the brain & behavior which works both ways

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3
Q

neuroplasticity

A

results from learning; the brain molds based on new information

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4
Q

examples of scientific discoveries made on accident

A

viagra was intended to treat angina, anesthesia was used recreationally, penicillin found due to bacteria not growing near mold, sweetener saccharin found when scientist forgot to wash hands, etc

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5
Q

phineas gage

A

one of the earliest & most studied case of how structure & function are linked

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6
Q

what happened to phineas gage

A

an iron went through his skull & his behavior greatly contrasted before & after showing that the frontal lobe controls personality

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7
Q

phrenology

A

inferred personality characteristics & personal attributes through interpreting bumps/ridges of skull; founded by james francis gall in europe with first society in philly 1892

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8
Q

speech aphasia

A

lack of speech; paul broca found the speech center of brain by observing damage in post mortem tissue

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9
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

james parkinson identified it as “shaking palsy”; people suffering have a deficit in black substance/substantia nigra

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10
Q

what areas dictate movement

A

reflexes are controlled by spinal cord and willfull movement is controlled by brain

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11
Q

why is ethical animal research important

A

allows us to study similar structures/functions in controlled model, understand animals better for their sake, gain insight into our evolution & how we’re same/different, conduct experiments we cannot on humans

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12
Q

what are some discoveries made through animal research

A

immunizations for polio, mumps, measles, & hepatitis, antibiotics, insulin, chemotherapy, meds to treat hypertension, mental illness, & arthritis, and surgical procedures/organ transplants

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13
Q

what is animal research at ETSU like

A

closely regulated by and subject to be approved by UCAC; mandatory training for people involved in animal research anywhere

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14
Q

IACUC

A

institutional animal care & use committee

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15
Q

what is human research at ETSU like

A

closely regulated by IRB (institutional review board)

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16
Q

what is cardinal terminology

A

directional terms (anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, etc); humans & animals differ in this

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17
Q

meninges

A

3 membrane layers in the brain (4 divisions): skull, dura mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater

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18
Q

blood brain barrier

A

highly selective permeable; separates circulating blood from brain

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19
Q

what can pass freely through the blood brain barrier

A

small molecules (oxygen & carbon dioxide) & molecules that readily dissolve in fat (vitamins A & D)

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20
Q

cerebral cortex

A

covered in folds called sulci & gyri; 6 cellular layers (laminae) for higher order processing; made primarily of gray matter compared to white matter

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21
Q

sulcus

A

groove/trench/valley

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22
Q

gyrus

A

mound/protrusion

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23
Q

columns

A

basic functional unit; organization of cells in cortex; 100,000,000 columns with 100 cells in each with special functions

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24
Q

4 lobes in the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital

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25
3 main areas of brain
forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain; organized differently than the lobes
26
split brain
when people are born without a corpus callosum or it is cut to reduce seizures spreading
27
frontal lobe
starts at the central sulcus & extends forward; includes primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, & broca’s area
28
primary motor cortex
has precentral gyrus; fine motor movements
29
prefrontal cortex
great integrator in charge of higher order processing, decision making, working memory, etc. & has a role in addiction
30
broca’s area
responsible for language/speech production
31
broca’s aphasia
trouble speaking fluently but comprehension can be preserved
32
parietal lobe
starts at central sulcus & extends to the occipital lobe; contains postcentral gyrus & primary somatosensory cortex
33
somatosensory cortex
topographical in nature; areas that require more processing/sensitivity get more cortex space/tissue; key in visuospatial processing; organized in a certain fashion
34
temporal lobe
includes primary auditory cortex & wernicke’s area
35
primary auditory cortex
primary target for auditory stimuli & laid out tonotopically
36
wernicke’s area
language comprehension & producing speech
37
wernicke’s aphasia
damage leads to speech that has impaired meaning & poor comprehension
38
how are wernicke’s & broca’s areas similar
they are ipsilateral & unilateral; they are connected by arcuite vesiculus
39
prosopagnosia
face blindness; the temporal lobe has a complex role in vision such as movement & facial recognition
40
occipital lobe
primary role in vision; contains the primary visual cortex (striate cortex)
41
color vision
controlled in V4 area of occipital lobe
42
corpus callosum & anterior commissure
major crossing points in the brain; majority of brain structures innervate the contralateral side of the body
43
CNS
central nervous system; contains brain & spinal cord
44
PNS
peripheral nervous system; nerves that communicate with CNS; contains somatic & autonomic nervous systems
45
SNS
somatic nervous system; takes info from environment & controls movement
46
ANS
autonomic (automatic) nervous system; maintains homeostasis & is responsible for basic body functions like respiration & digestion; contains sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems
47
sympathetic system
fight or flight response
48
parasympathetic system
rest & digest
49
motor neurons
control movement (efferent)
50
sensory neurons
integrate neuronal signals from sensory organs (afferent)
51
interneurons
communicate between neurons
52
glial cells
support cells in CNS & PNS; several types which are classified by their jobs
53
astrocytes
star-shaped glial cells that regulate blood flow & can help synchronize firing
54
microglia
cells that clean up debris like a cellular immune system & maintain synapses
55
radial glia
direct cells to the right spot; also guide axonal projections
56
insulators
glial cells with myelinated axons; includes oligodendrocytes (CNS) & schwann cells (PNS)
57
what is neuron membrane like
semi-permeable; certain ions can pass at certain times, some can never leave & some can never get in
58
negative & positive ions
anions (-) & cations (+)
59
sodium ions
(Na+); positively charged; large majority remain outside the cell
60
potassium ions
(K+); positively charged; slightly greater amount inside cell
61
chloride ions
(Cl-); negatively charged giving neuron a negative charge along with negative proteins & anions
62
concentration gradient
molecules in greater concentration diffuse
63
how do Na+ & K+ move throughout the cell
Na+ wants to get in & K+ wants to get out; this forms the electrochemical gradient
64
electrical gradient
almost cancels out the concentration gradient
65
resting potential
maintained at -70mV
66
depolarization
more positive
67
more negative
hyperpolarization
68
threshold of excitation
reached at -55mV; axon hillock starts action potential
69
spatial and/or temporal summation
dendrites receive information, signals are either positive or negative & soma integrates information
70
when does cell fire
0mV
71
when do the Na+ channels shut
immediately after the membrane reaches 30mV; this causes K+ channels to open & K+ leaves quickly bringing the charge back down fast
72
diseases that affect myelination/speed of neuronal communication
batrachotoxin from south american dart frogs forces Na+ channels to stay open; pufferfish contains tetrodotoxin which blocks voltage gated Na+ channels; scorpion venom makes Na+ stay open & keeps K+ closed

behavioral neuroscience (4 decks)

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