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behavioral neuroscience > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

outer ear

A

includes pinna & ear canal

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2
Q

pinna

A

external part of ear; helps funnel sound waves into ear canal

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3
Q

ear canal

A

tube leading into middle ear

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4
Q

hearing

A

transduction of vibrations

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5
Q

typanic membrane

A

eardrum; like the surface of a drum & it vibrates when contacted by sound waves; vibrates at the same frequency

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6
Q

ossicles

A

3 small bones that transmit sound from the eardrum to the oval window; they are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), & stapes (stirrup)

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7
Q

middle ear

A

includes typanic membrane & ossicles

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8
Q

cochlea

A

snail-shaped fluid-filled bony labyrinth that contains the oval & round windows

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9
Q

oval window

A

the area where stapes connects

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10
Q

inner ear

A

includes cochlea, oval & round windows, vestibular apparatus

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11
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

keeps you in the know of head/body orientation; has 3 semicircular canals

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12
Q

round window

A

helps release pressure & allow fluid to move in cochlea

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13
Q

hair cells

A

2 types: inner hair cells & outer hair cells

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14
Q

tonotopic organization

A

maintained throughout auditory system

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15
Q

how do you play with bats in summer

A

throw tennis balls

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16
Q

what did dr d do at boone lake

A

fishing; showed direction of sound

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17
Q

frequency

A

number of cycles per second; higher frequency = higher pitch; number of hertz

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18
Q

amplitude

A

size of the sound wave; physical intensity; measured in decibels

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19
Q

3 parallel canals

A

coiled in the cochlea; vestibular, middle, & tympanic canals

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20
Q

organ of corti

A

in cochlea; key structure for transduction of sound

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21
Q

tectorial & basilar membranes

A

2 flexible membranes in the middle canal; have hair cells in between that have fine stereocilia protruding on one side

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22
Q

inner hair cells

A

actual sensory receptors; 95% of auditory nerve; afferent signaling

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23
Q

outer hair cells

A

present in 3 rows; efferent signaling; act as tuner & protector; can affect TM

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24
Q

what happens when sound makes vibrations in the cochlea

A

fluid vibrates in the canals ⇛ the basilar membrane vibrates which bends stereocilia ⇛ tip links coordinate bending of cilia ⇛ potassium channels open ⇛ hair cells fire & send signal via auditory nerve

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25
tip links
tie cilia together
26
what receives info from the brain to change stiffness of tectorial membrane
the outer hair cells; hyperpolarization = cells lengthen; depolarization = cells shorten
27
how does sound reach the cochlea
sound waves contact outer ear ⇛ pinna funnels waves into ear canal ⇛ tympanic membrane vibrates & moves ossicles ⇛ ossicles move oval window which vibrates to send waves to cochlea
28
A1 on heschl's gyrus
where stimulation of different parts of cochlea is maintained up to
29
how does brain locate a sound
uses differences in latency & levels of sound stimuli between ears
30
interaural time difference
time lag between ears
31
interaural intensity difference
higher frequency sound intensity between ears
32
superior olivary complex
level in which interaural time & intensity differences happen; ITD = medial; IID = lateral
33
how do submarines navigate without vision
sonar = sound navigation & ranging; emitted sound bounces back to source, distance & features extrapolated by return signal
34
hearing loss
decreased sensitivity to sound (can be moderate to severe)
35
deafness
profound loss of hearing; cannot interpret spoken language even with hearing aid
36
conduction deafness
due to issues occurring in outer or middle ear; prevents conduction of vibrations to cochlea
37
sensorineural deafness
auditory fibers cannot fire & send signal to brain
38
central deafness
due to brain damage
39
word deafness
wernicke's aphasia; comprehension of spoken words
40
cortical deafness
trouble with verbal & nonverbal auditory stimuli
41
cochlear implant
routine surgery that takes about an hour; over a million implanted worldwide; process involves many professionals
42
where does emotion cause perceivable changes
in the sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems; heart rate, sweating, etc.
43
hypothalamus is responsible for
feeding, fighting, fleeing, fornicating
44
function of orbitofrontal cortex
decision making, rewards, emotions; phineas gage damaged this
45
past studies for limbic systems include
the cat, the rat, & the amygdala (or lack of)
46
klüver-bucy syndrome
caused by bilateral lesions to the amygdala; over reaction to all objects, loss of fear, hypersexuality, hyperemotionality, etc.
47
damage to amygdala results in
lack of fear & fear learning
48
fear conditioning
pavlovian; a stimulus is paired with an averse shock; association is made & animal shows conditioned suppression
49
grand central station of sensory stimuli
thalamus
50
fear conditioning studies allow
in depth study of related brain structures
51
high road vs low road
high road is the longer route going to the visual cortex; low road is faster & it travels directly to amygdala
52
3 different planes of head movement
pitch (up & down), yaw (side to side), & roll (tilting left or right)
53
semicircular canals
connected at their ends to sac-like structures by the ampulla (enlarged area at the end of the canals) & connects to utricle & saccule
54
how does the vestibular system detect movement
with specialized receptors; just like cochlea there are hair cells; ampulla has cilia embedded in cupula (gelatinous matrix) which becomes displaced as fluid moves
55
how are utricle & saccule organized
they are considered otolith organs; 3 layers = membrane with hair cells, gelatinous layer with cilia embedded, & top layer of otolith crystals which provide weight
56
how do utricle & saccule function
help detect linear movement like stoplights
57
nystagmus
involuntary eye movement; pathological or physiological
58
vestibulo-ocular reflex
controls eye movements during head movement
59
caloric nystagmus
used to test the functioning of vestibular system; ear is irrigated & eye drift can be measured
60
C.O.W.S. test
cold opposite, warm same
61
video games
$135 billion industry
62
measuring movement
used as a method to study movement disorders
63
electromyography
used to assess the health of muscles & motor neurons that control them
64
skeletal muscles
basis for how we move; tendons connect muscles to bone
65
fast twitch muscles
great for generating short bursts of strength or speed; fatigue more quickly
66
slow twitch muscles
enable long endurance needs; fatigue more slowly
67
CNS/muscular interface
key to how we move our muscles
68
motoneurons
neurons that innervate muscles; transmit information from CNS to muscle to tell it to move
69
neuromuscular junctions
the synapse between the motoneuron & muscle; acetylcholine is used here
70
what happens after each motoneuron receives information from lots of other neurons
they leave the spine via ventral root & split their axons when they near the muscle to innervate several muscle fibers
71
innervation ratio
number of fibers a motoneuron innervates; low = fine motor, high = gross motor
72
proprioception
your sense of relative position of the body
73
pyramidal system (corticospinal system)
originates in frontal lobe in the primary motor cortex (m1) & is immediately in front of the central sulcus
74
how is the pyramidal system laid out
in similar fashion to the somatosensory cortex, but m1 cells are more sensitive to movement
75
what has occurred as a result of mapping m1
researchers have made brain-computer interface to move robotics
76
nonprimary motor cortex
can directly control movement via descending path or indirectly through m1
77
supplementary motor cortex
internally initiates movement
78
premotor cortex
guided by external stimuli
79
mirror neurons in premotor cortex
fire when initiating certain movements & when observing those same movements
80
brain structures that have major roles in initiating movements & determining amplitude/direction of movement
basal ganglia (forebrain), caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus (interconnected with midbrain), & substantia nigra
81
cerebellum
part of hindbrain; deals with complexity of movement; timing & execution are also intricate in learning fine motor movements
82
flocculus
in cerebellum; controls posture & balance; talks to supplementary motor cortex & has topographical layout
83
muscular dystrophy
progressive weakness through loss of muscle mass; several classes; common underlying factor = mutations in dystrophin gene
84
what movement disorder is at the level of the muscles
muscular dystrophy
85
what movement disorder is at the level of the neuromuscular junctions
myasthenia gravis/autoimmune disease
86
myasthenia gravis
commonly affects eye, face, & esophageal muscles; classified as autoimmune disease; antibodies affect motoneuron/muscle communication
87
what movement disorder is at the level of the motoneuron
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
88
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
motoneurons begin to die & muscles atrophy; several causes being investigated such as gene mutations, too much glutamate, immune response, & protein mishandling
89
what movement disorders are at the level of the brain
huntington’s disease/huntington’s chorea & parkinson’s disease
90
huntington’s disease/huntington’s chorea
causes excessive movement; involuntary jerks/twitches that gets worse & eventual dementia; gradual damaging of cells in the basal ganglia due to mutation in huntingtin gene
91
tourette syndrome
similar to huntington’s disease but it is based on neurochemical imbalance & monoamines are likely involved
92
parkinson’s disease
profoundly affects motor movement; due to degeneration of dopamine cells in substantia nigra; treated with l dopa & deep brain stimulation

behavioral neuroscience (4 decks)

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