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behavioral neuroscience > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

humans are diurnal, meaning…

A

we have a daily cycle that bodily systems are linked to, we are more active during the day than the night; opposite is nocturnal

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2
Q

circadian rhythm

A

behavioral, biochemical, & physiological functioning that fluctuates over a 24 hour period

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3
Q

internal clock

A

keeps circadian time; sensitive to zeitgebers which are time givers/light cues that synchronize the clock

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4
Q

free running rhythm

A

no change to external cue (light) to entrain rhythm; no zeitgebers

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5
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

hypothalamic structure is an internal clock; lesions disrupt daily cycles in hormones, drinking, activity, etc.

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6
Q

optic chiasm

A

below the suprachiasmatic nucleus; light from the eyes directly goes to the SCN

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7
Q

retinohypothalamic pathway

A

pathway that splits off optic chiasm & innervates SCN

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8
Q

melanopsin

A

in retinal ganglion cells; light-sensitive photopigment

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9
Q

infradian rhythm

A

longer than a day; longer than circadian rhythm

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10
Q

ultradian rhythm

A

shorter than a day; shorter than circadian rhythm

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11
Q

circannual rhythm

A

occurring on an annual basis

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12
Q

michel siffre

A

French cave explorer that lived 2 months in a French cave & 6 months in a Texas cave

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13
Q

beta waves

A

shown in brain when eyes are closed to start to go to sleep; high frequency & low amplitude

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

prominent; when you become drowsy; higher frequency & greater amplitude; muscles relax, heart rate slows, etc.

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15
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

brain waves are still high frequency & low amplitude; lightest sleep & a transition into deeper sleep; start to see theta waves & vertex spikes

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16
Q

hypnic jerks (sleep starts)

A

very common (70%); muscle twitches right as you start to fall asleep; cause unknown but could be related to stress, caffeine, etc.

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17
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

entered as you fall deeper asleep; brain waves change = frequency decreasing & amplitude increasing; see sleep spindles & k complexes

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18
Q

slow wave sleep (stages 3 & 4)

A

large amplitude delta waves; synchronization of cortical activity

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19
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement; also called paradoxical sleep because body is almost paralyzed but brain is highly active; experience vivid dreams

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20
Q

GABA & glycine

A

key in REM sleep; action at ionotropic & metabotropic receptors on motoneurons; inhibition of movement

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21
Q

what did dr d see as his sleep paralysis demon

A

easter bunny

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22
Q

average length of sleep

A

varies person to person but typically 7-8 hours; sleep patterns change throughout life

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23
Q

sleep debt

A

can be developed by getting a little less sleep than needed each night; slows reaction times and results in attention deficits

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24
Q

1977 unique sleep study

A

70 year old nurse only slept for one hour every night and still cycled through normal sleep stages

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25
jet lag
disrupts the entrainment of our biological clock
26
ecological niche
we sleep when we are not as adapted to avoid predators
27
sleep restores
helps the body repair/heal like when sick
28
memory consolidation
helps to consolidate memories by learning right before bed
29
insomnia
inability to fall asleep; wide range of causes like drugs, anxiety, etc; individual differences in expression
30
narcolepsy
sudden sleep attacks; frequent intense attacks of sleep for 5-30 minutes
31
cataplexy (REM)
sudden loss of muscle tone; usually accompanies narcolepsy; hypnogogic & hallucinations
32
sleep walking (somnambulism)
occurs in deepest stage of non-REM sleep; more common in childhood than adulthood; can be hereditary; causes include sleep apnea, alcohol, restless leg syndrome, etc.
33
hypocretins/orexins
neuropeptides associated with controlling transitions between sleep states
34
can dogs have narcolepsy
yes; certain dogs exhibit a mutant gene for hypocretin receptor 2
35
sleep paralysis
muscle atonia & dreaming while awake; common with 1/3 of students
36
sleep behavioral disorder
lack of muscle atonia while in REM
37
is the brain active during slow wave sleep
yes; shown in PET scans
38
how many people are affected by schizophrenia
about 2.4 million/1% of population
39
onset of schizophrenia
men: late teens-early 20s & women: mid 20s-early 30s; seldom occurs after 45 or before puberty
40
heritability
70-80% of heritability for schizophrenia; multiple genes play a role
41
eye tracking
non invasive way to look for schizophrenia; lack of smooth pursuit & very erratic; deficits in areas V5 & MT
42
ventricular enlargement
abnormality shown in schizophrenia; specifically lateral ventricles; tied to the DISC1 protein (developmental)
43
how are the hippocampus and amygdala in a schizophrenic brain
smaller than usual
44
corpus callosum in schizophrenia
differs in function; less efficient transfer of activity
45
frontal lobe in schizophrenia
activity is decreased compared to typical brain
46
wisconsin card sorting task
non invasive way to assess schizophrenia and brain activity; hyperfrontality hypothesis
47
chlorpromazine
"lobotomy in a bottle"; neuroleptic; antagonizes dopamine, serotonin, histamine, adrenaline, & acetylcholine receptors; action at D2 receptor
48
what is dr d doing for easter
he doesn't like bunnies that much
49
overactive dopamine system
underlies schizophrenia; neuroleptics/antipsychotics are active at D2 receptor - direct correlation with effective dose; higher affinity = lower dose
50
phencyclidine (PCP)
produces positive & negative "schizophrenia like" symptoms; chronic use can lead to "schizophrenia like" states; blocks calcium channel at NMDA receptor
51
major depressive disorder/clinical depression
several symptoms that affect how you feel, think, & handle daily activities; symptoms must be present for 2 weeks
52
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
present for at least 2 years
53
perinatal depression
either during pregnancy or postpartum
54
psychotic depression
also exhibit some form of psychosis like delusions or hallucinations
55
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
onset of depression during winter months with less natural sunlight
56
difference in depressed brain activity
greater activation in prefrontal cortex & amygdala (can persist after depression is gone); decreased activation in parietal & posterior temporal cortices and anterior cingulate
57
schizophrenia
characterized by impairments in perception or expression of reality; individuals usually exhibit significant social and/or occupational dysfunction
58
John Nash
mathematician that won Nobel prize in 1994 and schizophrenia disorder emerged in 1959
59
haloperidol
more selective & much more widely used for schizophrenia treatment
60
bipolar disorder
manic-depressive illness; different from depression but possesses depressive symptoms
61
cognitive behavioral therapy
"talking therapy"
62
antidepressants
different drugs that affect the level of monoamines; examples = MAOI's, SSRI's, tricyclics, etc
63
treatment for more extreme cases of depression
electroconvulsive shock therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and even deep brain stimulation
64
bipolar 1
manic episodes = 7 or more days (or immediate hospital care); depressive symptoms lasting 2 weeks
65
bipolar 2
pattern of depressive and hypomanic episodes (not full blown mania)
66
cyclothymic disorder
numerous hypomanic and depressive symptoms for 2 years
67
PTSD
develops in some people that have experienced a cataclysmic, shocking, or dangerous life event; symptoms must last more than a month; recovery varies
68
can PTSD cues be learned
no; cannot anticipate startle even when given a cue
69
OCD
characterized by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviors; highly ritualized lifestyle and symptoms begin gradually
70
mad cow disease/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
first observed in sheep and transferred to cows; abnormal prions can destroy the brain
71
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
fatal; causing brain degeneration, dementia, and schizophrenia-like symptoms
72
traumatic brain injury
resulting from a significant blow to the head (concussion); results in disruption of blood supply, increased pressure, and tissue damage/loss
73
chronic trauma encephalopathy (CTE)
linked to repeated head injuries and blows to the head
74
positive reinforcement
behavior produces a rewarding outcome
75
negative reinforcement
behavior results in the removal of a negative outcome
76
positive punishment
behavior produces negative outcome
77
omission training
behavior results in the omission of positive outcome; sometimes referred to as negative punishment
78
what color is spring salamander
orange
79
how many people in class for freebie questions
34
80
what fish did dr d see at dock
gar
81
clive wearing
encephalitis severely damaged his hippocampus
82
retrograde
loss of memory before an event
83
anterograde
loss of the ability to form new memories after an event
84
henry molaison (HM)
most famous/studied case of amnesia; severe amnesia associated with declarative memory
85
jason bourne
still had procedural memory intact
86
lucy whitmore
would go to sleep and forget everything she learned that day
87
michelle philpots
thinks it’s still 1994
88
short term memory (STM)
7 +/- 2 things; lasts between 15 and 30 seconds; either consolidated or lost; frontal lobe is key
89
long term memory (LTM)
can store informative knowledge indefinitely; hippocampus is key to consolidation of memories into LTM which is stored in cortex
90
declarative memory
deals with facts & events that can be consciously recalled; knowing what
91
procedural memory
deals with procedure; nondeclarative; knowing how
92
stages of memory
encoding, storage, & retrieval
93
hyperthymesia
people can remember an abnormally vast number of life experiences and recall them in detail; temporal lobe & caudate nucleus enlarged
94
what does using memories do
can make them temporarily unstable; can be altered before undergoing reconsolidation
95
eileen franklin
had memory recovered through hypnosis; her father murder her friend & he was convicted then later released
96
elizabeth loftus
legal psychologist; studies memory, constructive memories that contribute to differences in recall of information
97
instrumental learning
involves performing a behavior to receive or avoid an outcome
98
fixed ratio (FR)
reinforced after a specific number of responses; FR1 = continuous schedule
99
variable ratio (VR)
number of responses is variable around an average
100
fixed interval (FI)
first behavior after a certain amount of time is reinforced
101
variable interval (VI)
amount of time varies around an average
102
karl lashley and the engram
physical representation of a memory; lesioned several parts of the brain to assess amnesia after learning a task
103
in search of memory
book that describes research that characterized synaptic plasticity & long term potentiation; won nobel prize in 2000
104
slight excitement
graded depolarization or excitatory post synaptic potential
105
slight inhibition
graded hyperpolarization or inhibitory post synaptic potential
106
bliss & lomo (1973)
reported an enduring increase in the synaptic efficiency after repeated high frequency stimulation
107
laura silverman
piano player that started at age 6 and suffered from focal hand dystonia

behavioral neuroscience (4 decks)

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