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behavioral neuroscience > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

adrenaline

A

neurotransmitter for fight or flight

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2
Q

nonadrenaline

A

neurotransmitter for concentration

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3
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter for pleasure

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4
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter for mood

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5
Q

gaba

A

neurotransmitter for calming

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6
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter for learning

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7
Q

glutamate

A

neurotransmitter for memory

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8
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitter for euphoria

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9
Q

ligands

A

bind with receptors; can be both endogenous & exogenous molecules

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10
Q

agonists

A

ligands with normal function

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11
Q

antagonists

A

ligands that bind but don’t activate

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12
Q

inverse agonist

A

ligands that make receptor do the opposite of normal

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13
Q

affinity

A

higher = more attraction to receptor & better binding

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14
Q

efficacy

A

how effective the drug is

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15
Q

repeated drug use

A

causes individual to develop metabolic and/or functional tolerance

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16
Q

up & down regulation

A

happens as the brain changes as a result of experience

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17
Q

how do drugs affect pre-synaptic mechanisms

A

synthesis of NT, release of NT, & clearance of NT

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18
Q

how do drugs affect post-synaptic mechanisms

A

agonist/antagonist actions

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19
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

includes typical/1st gen (antagonist of D2 auto receptor) & atypical/2nd gen (greater effect at 5HT receptors) neuroleptics

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20
Q

antidepressants

A

includes MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, & SSRIs

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21
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

A

inhibit the action of MAO; when taking these you must avoid tyramine rich foods like beer & cheese

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22
Q

tricyclics

A

named due to 3 ring structure; stop the reuptake of monoamines

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23
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

more selective & less side effects; inhibit reuptake of 5HT

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24
Q

anxiolytics/tranquilizers (anxiety relieving)

A

benzodiazepine - diazepam (valium), lorazepam (ativan) - action at gabaA receptor (also directly affected by alcohol); increases affinity, Cl-, & IPSPs

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25
mood stabilizers
lithium & valproic acid
26
lithium
used to treat BPD & sometimes schizophrenia & mania; decreases NE, increases 5HT, modulates DA & GLU
27
valproic acid
thought to increase GABA & decrease mania; shown to contribute to autism
28
how is medicine administered
most are taken orally; can also be transdermal, inhaled, injected, subcutaneous, intravenous, & intramuscular; goal is to get into blood
29
morally wrong drug abuse model
believes it’s abusers fault; just say no
30
disease drug abuse model
individuals suffer from a disease & need treatment
31
physically dependent drug model
avoiding withdrawal or dysphoria
32
positive reward drug model
people & animals are motivated to get pleasurable things
33
opiates
derived from opium poppy; include morphine, codeine, heroin, & fentanyl; very strong analgesic properties
34
endogenous opioids
includes enkephalins, endorphins, & dynorphins
35
why do people overdose
tolerance/learning which is an unconscious component
36
cannibinoid/marijuana
chief active ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannibanol (THC); only 4 states left where marijuana is fully illegal
37
cannibinoid receptors
CB1 & CB2
38
endocannabinoids
anandamide affect memory & appetite stimulation
39
delta 8
“diet weed”; similar pharmacodynamics to delta 9 but less efficacy
40
uniqueness about delta 8
only present in minor levels in the hemp plant so higher levels need to be produced by chemically altering CBD
41
delta 10 & HHC
also made from CBD in a similar manner to delta 8
42
hallucinogens
includes lysergic acid (LSD), mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (mushrooms), phencyclidine (PCP), & ecstasy (MDMA)
43
stimulants
includes nicotine, cocaine, & meth
44
nicotine
works through the brain’s Ach receptors - also works at 5HT3
45
cocaine
stops the reuptake of monoamines (DA)
46
methamphetamine
changes the reuptake/removal of DA & reverses the pump
47
pavlovian conditioning
humans & animals are adept at forming associations between stimuli & environmental cues
48
why do people become addicted
biology, environment, & personal traits all contribute; drugs hijack brain system for natural reward & alters our conscious experience of the world; learning plays a big part
49
incentive sensitization
wanting = craving the drug, liking = hedonic properties; over time drug use becomes driven by craving instead of pleasure
50
incentive salience
psychological process that prompts one to seek a reward as a result of a stimulus
51
pharmacotherapeutics
developed by understanding drug use to work towards recovery
52
histological in post mortem
how structure/function studies in the brain were initially done
53
cellular straining & labelling
light microscopy (high vs low magnification), electron, & multiphoton microscopy
54
lesions
structure/tissue removed and behavior is studied
55
loss of function
rare human cases like phineas & clive wearing; can be accidental like HM
56
corsi block tapping test
participant must remember order to tap; measures short term spatial memory
57
mirror drawing test
must trace in the lines using a mirror; measures procedural learning/memory
58
wisconsin card sorting
measures frontal lobe function like how well one can set, shift, & infer new rules
59
place learning
done by different mazes including morris water maze, T maze, & radial arm maze
60
morris water maze
for spatial learning & memory
61
T maze & radial arm maze
measures working memory & reference memory
62
stereotaxic surgery
3 planes; can navigate to specific structures in the brain; can implant electrodes, cannula, specific drug, & virus to transfect
63
DBS
deep brain stimulation; implanted by stereotaxic surgery; can measure behavior following/during stimulation
64
DBS in humans
used to treat parkinson’s, schizophrenia, OCD, & major depression
65
microinfusions of drugs
can be delivered to discrete sites to measure behavior
66
microdialysis
allows us to look at neurochemical levels in specific brain areas; uses concentration gradient
67
optogenetics
virus transfects cells, cells express opsins & become sensitive to light
68
channelrhodopsin 2
blue; opens Na2+ and excites
69
halorhodopsin
green/yellow; activates Cl- pump & inhibits
70
chemogenetics
virus transfects cells, express g protein coupled receptors; selectively sensitive to inert compound (DREADDs)
71
mapping brian activity
can be used to help individuals with movement disorders move and/or communicate
72
computerized axial tomography (CT) scan
x rays taken at many angles
73
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
hydrogen atoms spin; magnets change their spin & the machine detects this change using radio frequency
74
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
measures movement of water along axons & detects differences
75
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
used to determine brain metabolites
76
functional MRI (fMRI)
adds the detection of function through changes in oxygenated blood
77
optical tomography
infrared light is transmitted through the scalp & a detector picks up differences in blood flow
78
positron emission tomography (PET)
special camera picks up energy emitted from brain due to exposure of radioactive isotope

behavioral neuroscience (4 decks)

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