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BIOL 191B > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Simple Squamous Function

A

Diffusion, filtration, secretion

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2
Q

Simple Cuboidal Function

A

Secretion, Absorption

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3
Q

Simple Columnar Function

A

Absorption, secretion, propulsion of mucus and enzymes

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4
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Function

A

Secretion and propulsion of mucus

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5
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Protection

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6
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Function

A

Protection

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7
Q

Stratified Columnar Function

A

Protection and secretion

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8
Q

Transitional Function

A

Permits distension or urinary organs when filled with urine (by flattening)

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9
Q

String tying epithelial cells together

A

Tight Junctions

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10
Q

Plaque and Intermediate filaments for binding and structure

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

Passageway between two adjacent cells that allow molecules to pass through

A

Gap Junctions

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12
Q

Maximize surface area

A

Microvilli

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13
Q

Hairlike extensions that generate movement

A

Cilia

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14
Q

Areolar

A

All three fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, WBCs
Wrap and cushion organs, hold and convey tissue fluid, inflammation (bc of WBCs)

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15
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Adipocytes, fat droplet
Provide reserve food fuel, insulate against heat loss, support and protect organs

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16
Q

Reticular CT

A

Lots of reticular fibers, fibroblast, WBCs
Form soft, internal skeleton (stroma), support other cell types

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17
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblasts, lots of collagen fibers, tensile strength, poorly vascularized, forms fascia
Tendon, ligament, withstand stress

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18
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Collagen fibers irregularly arranged, elastic fibers and fibroblasts
Withstand tension in multiple directions, structural strength

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19
Q

Elastic CT

A

Elastic fibers, fibroblasts
Allows recoil after stretching

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20
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes in lacuna
Supports and reinforces, acts as cushion that resists repetitive stress

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacuna, more elastic fibers
Maintain shape and structure, flexibility

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Thick collagen fibers, chondrocytes in lacuna
Tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

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24
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Calcium, collagen, osteoblasts, osteocytes in lacuna
Support and protect, provide levers and attachment sites for muscles, store calcium and minerals, store fat, blood cell formation

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25
Blood Tissue
Red and white blood cells in extracellular matrix (blood plasma) Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
26
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Joints that are used a lot are attacked by the immune system. Become inflamed and cause pain and stiffness.
27
Lupus
Autoimmune, tissue damage, affects heart, lungs, kidney, brain, flare-ups and remission
28
Marfan Syndrome
Inherited disorder, patients tend to to be tall and thin, present with extremely flexible joints and curved spines, if cardiovascular tissue is affected will cause heart murmurs or aortic aneurysms
29
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive
Turns muscle and connective tissue to bone, autosomal dominant disorder, children have malformed big toes, immobility
30
Integral Proteins
Border control
31
Peripheral Proteins
Understand what’s happening in the extracellular environment
32
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
33
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
34
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Plasma proteins bind to molecules, that part of the membrane pinches inside the cell to become a vesicle
35
Rough ER
Make proteins and digestive enzymes
36
Smooth ER
No ribosomes, lipid metabolism, store calcium ions “sarcoplasmic reticulum”
37
Golgi apparatus
Sorts products of ER and sends where they need to go
38
Peroxisomes
Sac of enzymes to neutralize free radicals (toxins), liver and kidneys
39
Proteasomes
Barrel-shaped that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins into smaller peptides
40
Centrosomes
Spherical structure composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles
41
Centrioles
Paired cylindrical bodies consisting of short microtubules, form cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle
42
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome subunit assembly
43
Interphase
G1 phase, S phase, G2 Phase
44
G1 Phase
Metabolically active, make proteins, growth, centrioles begin to replicate
45
S phase
DNA makes 2 identical copies
46
G2 Phase
Centrioles finish copying, enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized
47
G checkpoints
Stops from replication if unfit, prevent cancer
48
Mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
49
Prophase
Loose DNA (chromatin) condenses into chromosomes, centriole pairs separate from each other to opposite poles, mitotic spindle forms, nuclear membrane fragments
50
Metaphase
Chromosomes aligned along equator
51
Anaphase
Centromeres of chromosomes split by mitotic spindles
52
Telophase
Chromosomes uncoil, new nuclear envelope forms
53
Cytokinesis
Split one cell into two
54
Composition of blood
Plasma 55 Erythrocytes 45 Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) less than 1
55
Blood Plasma Components
Ions, nutrients, wastes, proteins: Albumin (prevent water from diffusing due to osmosis), Globulins (includes antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, copper), Fibrinogen (precursor for fibrin)
56
Function of iron on hemoglobin
Binds to 4 oxygen molecules
57
Function of nitric acid in hemoglobin
Causes vasodilation to improve blood flow
58
Function of carbonic anhydrase
Converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid to transfer CO2 in plasma
59
Function of erythropoietin
Released by kidneys in response to hypoxia to stimulate hematopoiesis
60
Neutrophils
Granulocyte, two to six lobe nucleus, first line of defense against bacteria signaled by bacterial products, phagocytize and destroy bacteria
61
Eosinophils
Granulocytes, bilobed, stain red, active during allergic reactions and parasitic infections, end allergic reactions by phagocytize allergens and degrade histamines (cause inflammation) with enzymes
62
Basophil
Granulocyte, secretes histamines to cause inflammation
63
Lymphocytes
Agranulocyte, specialized immune cells, T cells attack antigens, B cells produce antibodies to signal macrophages
64
Monocytes
Transform into macrophages to phagocytose cells
65
Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
Fibroblasts are reticular cells c blood sinusoids run through reticular tissue, allow mature blood cells to enter blood stream
66
Polycythemia
Too many RBCs, too dense and thick
67
Anemia
Low RBCs/hemoglobin
68
Sickle Cell Disease
Genetic, RBCs are sickle shape due to hemoglobin defect
69
Leukemia
Form of blood cancer
70
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelets
71
3 stages of hemostasis
Vasoconstriction, platelet plug, produce fibrin to form a clot
72
Role of PGl2 and nitric oxide
Vasodilation, reduce platelet aggression
73
von Willebrand factor
Protein as a bond between collagen and platelets
74
Role of ADP and thronboxane A2 in Hemostasis
Released by platelets in plug to signal other platelets to come
75
Role of fibrin in hemostasis
Activation of platelets turns fibrinogen into fibrin, densely packs the plug
76
Layers of Heart
Fibrous Pericardium, Parietal Serous Pericardium, Visceral Serous Pericardium/Epicardium, Myocardium (muscle), Endocardium (endothelium)
77
Blood Vessel Structure
Tunica interna, tunica media (muscle, elastic fibers), tunica externa
78
Veins differences from Arteries
Less tunica interna and tunica media, thicker tunica externa (less elastic and muscle tissue)
79
Capillary Exchange - Diffusion
Product of concentrations
80
Capillary Exchange - Transcytosis
Exocytosis and endocytosis
81
Capillary Exchange - Bulk Flow
Product of high pressure to low pressure
82
Filtration
Increased blood hydrostatic pressure drives blood out of capillaries due to high pressure from the arteries
83
Reabsorption
Blood colloid osmotic pressure brings blood into capillaries due to high concentration of proteins

BIOL 191B (5 decks)

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