Practicum 2 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
This is where fats are broken down
A
Duodenum (Small Intestines)
2
Q
Type of Digestion that occurs in the stomach
A
Mechanical (also Chemical)
3
Q
Organ that blocks off windpipe to prevent entry of food
A
Epiglottis
4
Q
T/F - food material passes through the pancreas just before reaching the stomach
A
False
5
Q
Two types of digestion that occur in the body
A
Mechanical and Chemical
6
Q
Type of digestion that occurs in the mouth and stomach
A
Mechanical (and Chemical)
7
Q
Type of digestion that occurs mainly in the small intestine
A
Chemical
8
Q
Muscular opening at the end of the rectum
A
Anus
9
Q
Waste material is compressed into solid form here
A
Large intestine (Rectum)
10
Q
Type of muscle responsible for performing peristalsis
A
Smooth
11
Q
Absorbed by the large intestine
A
Water/Liquids
12
Q
Substance produced in the liver and breaks down fats in the small intestine
A
Bile
13
Q
Esophagus lined with this thick slippery substance
A
Mucus
14
Q
Located in the large intestine, produce certain vitamins
A
Bacteria
15
Q
Surface area of this organ is about the size of a tennis court
A
Small intestine
16
Q
Organ that stores bile
A
Gallbladder
17
Q
Organ that produces bile
A
Liver
18
Q
Bile passes from this organ into the small intestine
A
Gallbladder
19
Q
This organ makes up 2/3 of the digestive system
A
Small Intestine
20
Q
Tine finger-shaped structures that cover the inner part of the small intestine
A
Villi
21
Q
Enzyme that chemically digests proteins in the stomach
A
Pepsin
22
Q
Order of GI tract
A
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, rectum, anus
23
Q
After leaving esophagus, food travels here
A
Stomach
24
Q
Process in which the body absorbs nutrients through the wall of the digestive system
A
Absorption
25
Involuntary contraction of muscle in the esophagus that helps move food toward the stomach
Peristalsis
26
Why do we use benedicts reagent to measure digestive activity?
What reagents detect what?
Benedict's reagent indicates the presence of maltose, which indicates the digestion of carbs. Phenol red indicates lipid breakdown. Lugol's Iodine for starch. No indicator for protein digestion.
27
T/F Trypsin works optimally at a higher PH than Pepsin
True
28
Purpose of Bile? Synthesized and stored where?
Produced by liver, stored in gallbladder. Released into duodenum for emulsification, allows for lipid digestion and absorption.
29
Term used to describe 2 or more evolutionarily linked-structures from the egg-producing and sperm-producing systems
Homologous structures (testes/ovary, prostate/paraurethral glands, labia/mons pubis)
30
Where does fertilization occur?
Fallopian tubes
31
Name the common orientations of a developing fetus
Normal, Breech, Transverse, Twins
32
What is the sum of all chemical processes that occur within the body?
Metabolism, does not quite reach metabolic equilibrium
33
Pepsin and trypsin can degrade which macromolecule
Protein (into amino acids) - pepsin low pH, trypsin high pH
34
Name the outer layer of a blastocyst that develops into the placenta
Trophoblast
35
Which region of the uterus sloughs off during the uterine cycle?
Stratum functionalis of the endometrium
36
Term that describes maturation of sperm? egg?
Spermatogenesis, oogenesis
37
Digestive system functions
Ingestion, Digestion, Propulsion, Peristalsis, Absorption, Defecation
38
Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa (Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
39
Layers of teeth
Enamel (outermost, hard, protection from wear)
Dentin (majority of tooth, give tooth shape and rigidity)
Pulp cavity (blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels)
40
4 types of teeth
Incisors8 - Cut and slice food
canines4 - tear and rip food
premolars8 - crush and grind food
molars12 - grind and chew food
41
Uvula and Epiglottis
Blocks nasal cavity, blocks larynx
42
Parts of the stomach
Rugae, Cardiac Sphincter, Pyloric Sphincter
43
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum (chemical digestion)
Jejunum (absorb nutrients into villi)
Ileum (absorb leftover live Vitamin B and bile salts)
44
3 parts of Large Intestine
Ascending, Transverse, Descending Colon
45
Causes of gallstones
Low or high fat diets
46
3 muscularis layers of the stomach
Outer longitudinal (white segment)
Middle Circular (broader portion)
Inner Oblique (inner small portion)
47
Process of lipid digestion
Bile salts groups lipids into micelles to increase surface area, lipases digest them into fatty acids
48
Lipid Digestion Lab
Phenol red, Milk, Lipase, Bile - yellow is lipid digestion, red is not
49
Protein Digestion Lab
Egg, Trypsin, Pepsin - how much of egg is still in tact
50
Carb Digestion Lab
Water, Potato, Amylase, Benedict's solution, Lugol's Iodine - Red/orange is presence of maltose, blue/green/orange is lack of maltose; blue/black is presence of starch, yellow/brown is absence of starch
51
Factors that affect metabolism
Age, Activity Level (Basal Metabolic Rate), Physiological Condition (composition, disease), Hormones, Genetics
52
Basal Metabolic Rate
Rate at which energy is spent for maintaining life at rest - breathing, heartbeat, body temp, nerve impulses
53
Understand BMR and its role in measuring energy requirement
Provides baseline for how many calories body needs to function without any activity
54
Identify the need for certain dietary restrictions to maintain high levels of normal metabolic activity
Medical conditions, nutrient balance (avoiding excess fats and sugars, ample protein, minerals and vitamins), lifestyle factors
55
Be able to determine why nutrients need to be digested and at moderation
Break down macromolecules into smaller usable molecules that can be used for energy growth, repair, enzyme and hormone production. Moderation needed to maintain healthy wait, support metabolism and energy levels, prevent chronic diseases
56
Limiting added sugars
High in calories, low in nutrition - weight gain, obesity, cardiovascular disease, not a stable source of energy
57
Limiting saturated fats
Raises LDL cholesterol - leads to plaque buildup, risks heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis
58
Limiting sodium
Decrease water excretion, increases BV and BP - risk heart attack, stroke, heart failure
59
Daily Value Guidelines
5% or less is low, 20% or more is high
60
Path of sperm
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, head of epididymis, tail of epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra
61
Accessory glands in sperm system
Seminal vesicles - neutralize acid in egg producing structures
Prostate gland - provide nourishment for sperm
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands - neutralize acids in penile urethra
62
Sertoli cells
Blood-testis barrier preventing immune response against spermatogenic cells
63
Names need to know for breast tissue
Mammary gland, lactiferous duct
64
Cells in Follicles
Follicular cells, granulosa cells
65
Parts of the Fallopian tubes
Fimbriae
Infundibulum (attaches)
Ampulla (widest and longest)
Isthmus (joins to uterus
Mesosalpinx (covers uterine tubes)
66
Broader name for testes and ovaries
Gonads
67
Parts of endometrium
Simple columnar, endometrial glands, Stratum functionalis, stratum basalis
68
External structures of the egg producing system
Vulva, mons pubis
69
Process in which zygote undergoes mitotic division
cleavage
70
Two layers of blastocyst
Embryoblast - inner cells becoming embryo
Trophoblast - outer layer becoming placenta
71
What makes sure that maternal and fetal bloodstreams never mix directly
Chorionic villi, they could have different blood types
72
Parts of fetus to identify
Placenta, umbilical cord, vaginal opening
73
Pathway for nervous system
Stimuli, receptor cell, turn into electrochemical signal, sensory neuron
74
Pain receptor
Nocireceptor
75
Vision receptor
Photoreceptor (rods and cones)
76
Red cone defect
Protan, protanopia
77
Green cone defect
Deutan, deutanopia
78
Blue cone defect
Tritan, tritanopia
79
Hearing receptor
tiny hair fibers detecting motion of ear drum, contained in vestibule
80
Smell receptor
Olfactory receptors
81
Touch receptor
Tactile receptors in skin, Pacinian corpuscles
82
Two components of the vestibular system
Semicircular canals to detect rotatory movements
Vestibule - Utricle and saccle to detect linear acceleration
83
Proprioception receptors
Stretch receptors in the joints and muscles
84
Paper with a x and marker
Blind Spot
85
Bent metal paperclip
Two-point discrimination
86
Examples of secondary sexual characteristics
Voice deepening, hair, muscle mass, adam's apple, breast development, hip widening, increased fat distribution
87
Hormone that induces the uterine cycle and increases the size of the functional layer
Progesterone
88
Difference between negative and positive after image
Negative image - look at a black pen and look at white paper
Positive image - look at a bright light and see bright parts of the image
89
Gland in front of and below each ear
Parotid Glands - produce enzyme-rich saliva, amylase
90
Gland below lower jaw at the back of mouth
Submandibular Glands - Produce watery, mucus-like saliva, 60-70% of total saliva, help with lubrication
91
Gland below tongue
Sublingual glands - mucus-rich saliva to lubricate food
92
UES function
Allow food and liquid to enter esophagus, prevent air from entering esophagus and food or liquid backing up into throat
93
LES (Cardiac Sphincter) Function
Allow food to enter stomach, prevent acid reflux
94
Rugae in stomach function
Allow stomach to expand, aid in mechanical digestion/churning of food to mix with digestive juices
95
Functions of stomach muscle
Longitudinal - shorten for peristalsis
Circular - mix and churn
Oblique - enhance churning and grinding
96
Duodenal Papilla
Site where bile duct and pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum
97
Stomach vs LI Identification
Circles in epithelium vs White Space in Background
98
Parts of the urethra
Corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, collagenous sheath, spongy urethra
99
Mons Pubis
Fatty area with pubic hair to provide cushioning and protection
100
Labia Majora
Outer lips with fatty tissue, sweat glands, oil glands - provides protection for delicate structures inside
101
Labia Minora
Hairless folds, rich in blood vessels and nerve endings
102
Clitoris
Highly sensitive organ for sexual pleasure
103
Greater Vestibular Glands
Secrete mucus for lubrication during sexual arousal, moisten vulva
104
Order of Sperm Producing system Accessory Glands
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
Ejaculatory Duct
Bladder
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Gland
105
2 Phases of Fertilization
Acrosomal reaction - sperm penetrates the outer layers of the egg by releasing enzymes within the acrosome, digesting through jelly coat, binding to receptors of the membrane
Cortical reaction - cortical vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane , enzymes remove remaining sperm-binding receptors to prevent polyspermy, form fertilization membrane
106
Blastocoel
Fluid-filled cavity inside blastocyst
107
Name of vein and artery for Liver
Hepatic Artery, Hepatic Portal Vein
108
Pancreas Function
Produce digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, protease to release into duodenum
109
Fovea
High concentration of cones for sharp vision, central pit in back of the eye
110
Cornea
Help focus light, outer layer of eye
111
Optic Disc
Where nerves and retinal blood vessels enter and exit = blind spot
