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BIOL 191B > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Cortical Nephron

A

80-85% of nephrons, short loops of Henle, dilute urine, peritubular capillaries

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2
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

15-20% of nephrons, longer loop of Henle, concentrated urine, peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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3
Q

Three Layers of Glomerular Filtration Membrane

A
  1. Fenestration of Glomerular Endothelium - keep in RBCs
  2. Basement membrane of Glomerulus - keep in plasma proteins
  3. Slit Membrane between pedicels of Podocyte - keep in medium-sized proteins needed for energy and muscle building
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4
Q

Aldosterone Function

A

Regulates potassium excretion and sodium/water reabsorption. More aldosterone, more sodium reabsorption

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5
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Where the ascending loop contacts the afferent arteriole. Macula densa on nephron, granular (smooth muscle) cells on arteriole

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6
Q

Macula Densa

A

Senses amount of blood filtered out of glomerulus, high BV causes afferent arteriole to constrict, decrease renin production

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7
Q

Mesangial Cells

A

Cells with contractile properties that regulate GFR by modifying size of arteriole

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8
Q

Regulation of Hypotension by the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A
  1. Decreased sodium plasma, decreased BV
  2. Granular cells sense decrease and secrete renin
  3. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 - slightly constricts blood vessel
  4. ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 - slightly constrict vessel, stimulate adrenal cortex
  5. Adrenal cortex produces aldosterone - promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
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9
Q

4 Pressures Involved in Glomerular Filtration

A

Net Filtration Pressure = Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure - Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure - Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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10
Q

Myogenic Renal Regulation

A

Macula Densa and Mesangial cells in afferent arterioles contract in response to high blood pressure

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11
Q

Tubuloglomerular Renal Regulation

A

Macula densa inhibits nitric oxide release (vasodilator) to constrict afferent arteriole

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12
Q

Neural Renal Regulation

A

Sympathetic tone causes AA constriction, reducing urine output and increasing blood availability for other organs

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13
Q

Hormonal Renal Regulation

A

Angiotensin II constriction to decrease GFR, ANP increases sodium excretion to reduce BP

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14
Q

Inulin

A

Fructose polymer that is neither reabsorbed nor secreted, used to measure GFR

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15
Q

Transport Maximum

A

Maximum level of glucose or protein needed to saturate transporters

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16
Q

Glycosuria

A

Presence of glucose in urine due to reaching transport maximum

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17
Q

Paracellular Reabsorption vs Transcellular Reabsorption

A

PR - Passive fluid leakage between cells
TR - active transport of solutes through cells

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18
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Improper secretion of ADH, or responsiveness to ADH, resulting into too dilute urine

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19
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Contract AA, signal production of aldosterone in response to low BP

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20
Q

ADH

A

Increase facultative reabsorption of water to decrease osmolarity of body fluids - response to either low BV or high BO

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21
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

Stimulated by stretching of atria, increases sodium excretion to reduce BV

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22
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Increase calcium reabsorption

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23
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A

ability of kidneys to excrete wastes, regulate BV, pH, and electrolytes is impaired - detected by high blood creatine, result of tubule inflammation or kidney ischemia (lack of blood)

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24
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of glomeruli due to autoimmune attack against glomerular capillary basement membrane - causes leakage of protein into urine, decrease colloid osmotic pressure, edema (fluid outside of blood)

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25
Renal Insufficiency
Nephrons destroyed by disease - high salt and water retention, uremia (too much waste in blood), high hydrogen and potassium levels in plasma which can cause a coma
26
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Inherited disorder where sacs fill with fluid rather than being excreted - kidneys enlarge and lose function
27
Intracellular Fluid and Extracellular Fluid
ICF - cytosol ECF - Interstitial fluid (80%) and blood plasma (20%)
28
3 Body Fluid Compartments
Plasma membrane - separate ICF and interstitium Blood vessel walls - separate plasma and interstitium Capillary Walls - allow exchange of water and solute between plasma and interstitium
29
2 types of Diabetes Insipidus
Central Diabetes Insipidus - caused by CNS inadequate secretion of ADH Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus - inability of kidneys to respond to ADH, can be caused by genetic defect of channels or receptors
30
Formation and Release of ADH
ADH made in the hypothalamus, released from the posterior pituitary gland
31
ANP and BNP
ANP - atrium stretch increases salt excretion BNP - ventricle stretch promotes diuresis (urine production), can help diagnose CHF
32
Functions of Electrolytes in Body Fluids
Control osmosis of water, maintain acid-base balance, carry electrical current (nervous system), serve as cofactors
33
Extracellular vs Intracellular Electrolytes
E - Sodium, chloride I - Potassium, magnesium
34
Protein Buffer System Mechanisms
COOH group loses hydrogen or NH2 gains hydrogen
35
Hemoglobin Buffer System Mechanism
Oxyhemoglobin trades oxygen for hydrogen to become reduced hemoglobin, oxygen also binds with hydrogen to neutralize
36
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System Mechanism
hydrogen and bicarbonate ion creates carbonic acid, carbonic acid can become hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
37
Phosphate Buffer System Mechanism
Hydroxide ion and Dihydrogen phosphate becomes water and monohydrogen phosphate. Monohydrogen phosphate and hydrogen ion become dihydrogen phosphate
38
Treat Respiratory Acidosis
excrete more Hydrogen ions and increase bicarbonate reabsorption, blood pH fixed but still high CO2
39
Treat Respiratory Alkalosis
decrease excretion of hydrogen ions and reabsorption of bicarbonate, blood pH fixed but CO2 still low
40
Treat Metabolic Acidosis
hyperventilate to lose CO2, blood pH will be normal but bicarbonate levels will still be low
41
Treat Metabolic Alkalosis
hypoventilation to retain CO2, blood pH will be normal but bicarbonate levels will still be high
42
Kidneys vs Lungs in pH balance
kidneys slower regulation but more long term effect, lungs faster regulation but less long term effect
43
Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae Submucosa Muscularis - Circular and longitudinal muscle *Submucosal plexus (nerves), Myenteric plexus (activate muscularis), Mesentery (fat anchor)
44
Hard Palate
Bony roof of the mouth
45
Soft Palate
Muscular roof of the mouth that allows movement of uvula
46
Uvula
Prevents swallowed food from entering nasal cavity
47
Lingual Frenulum
Limits posterior movement of the tongue
48
Gingivae
Cover tooth sockets and helps anchor teeth
49
Tongue Details
Skeletal muscle, mucous membrane, chewing swallowing speech, papillae and taste buds, salivary amylase and lipase
50
Pharynx
The throat, skeletal muscle to control the start of the swallowing reflex, mucous membrane to defend against infection
51
Esophagus Details
Collapsible, muscular tube posterior to trachea connective pharynx to stomach
52
Deglutition
Tongue shapes bolus and moves to back of the mouth, weight of food triggers swallowing reflex, uvula seals nasal cavity and epiglottis covers larynx
53
Stomach Cell Types and Functions
Surface Mucous Cell - secrete mucous to protect against acid Mucous Neck Cell - secrete mucous and little absorption Parietal Cell - secrete intrinsic factor for absorption of b12 and HCl to kill microbes, denature proteins, convert pepsinogen Chief Cell - secrete pepsinogen which will break down proteins as pepsin G Cell - secrete gastrin based on stretch receptors which will stimulate parietal and chief cells, increase motility, relax pyloric sphincter
54
HCl creation
Carbon dioxide and Water form Carbonic Acid with Carbonic Anhydrase Bicarbonate and Cl antiporter, Cl facilitated diffusion H-K ATPase, K facilitated diffusion
55
Phases of Digestion
Cephalic - senses of food to stimulate gastric secretion and motility (P and G stimulation Gastric - stretch of stomach stimulates receptors, majority of gastric acid secretion Intestinal Phase - inhibit gastric secretion and emptying due to secretin and CCK release
56
Digestive Enzymes
Salivary Amylase, Lingual Lipase, Pepsin and Gastric Lipase
57
Gastrin
Stretch of stomach promotes secretion of gastric juice, motility, relax pyloric sphincter
58
Secretin
High pH enters duodenum which stimulates pancreatic secretion and inhibits gastric secretion
59
CCK
Amino acids and fats enter duodenum which inhibits gastric emptying, stimulates bile secretion, induce satiety
60
Leptin
High fat content in body triggers regulation of fat storage and acts on hypothalamus to decrease apetite
61
Pancreas
Produce enzymes into duodenum to digest macros, Produce sodium bicarbonate to buffer stomach acid *Stimulated by secretin
62
Function of Liver and Gallbladder
Store glycogen and fat, produce plasma proteins, detoxify blood, produce bile Store, concentrate and release bile in response to fat entering duodenum (CCK)
63
Regulation of Bile and Pancreatic Secretion (steps)
CCK and secretin are released CCK induces enzyme secretion and Secretin induces bicarbonate secretion Bile created by liver, partially stimulated by secretin CCK causes gallbladder contraction and relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter to release both bile and pancreatic juice
64
Small Intestine Functions
Mix, digest, absorb, propel chyme Complete digestion of main macros, begins NA digestion 90% absorption
65
Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Segmentation - circular muscle mixes chyme with digestive juices and promotes absorption Migrating Motility Complex (MMC) - peristalsis by circular and longitudinal muscle
66
Small Intestine Cells
Absorptive Cells Goblet Cells - mucous Enteroendocrine Cells - Secretin and CCK Paneth cells - secrete lysozyme (bactericidal)
67
First Location of Nutrients after absorption
Liver determines how much to store and how much to give to rest of body
68
Carbohydrate Digestion Steps
Pancreatic Amylase turns starch into disaccharides Brush Border Enzymes create monosaccharides Secondary Active Transport with Sodium Facilitated diffusion through monosaccharide carrier, Na-K ATPase
69
Protein Digestion Steps
Pancreatic Protease and Brush Border Enzymes turn protein in amino acids Secondary Active Transport with Sodium Facilitated Diffusion through Amino Acid Carrier, Na-K ATPase
70
Lipid Digestion Steps
Fat emulsified by bile salts Pancreatic lipase turns triglyceride to monoglyceride and fatty acids Those 3 form micelle and diffuse into cell Fatty acids and monoglycerides recombine with protein to form chylomicron Chylomicron enters lymphatic system through vesicles from Golgi Apparatus and exocytosis into Lacteal
71
Nucleic Acid Enzyme
Ribonuclease, Deoxyribonuclease, brush border enzymes
72
Hepatic Portal Vein
Brings amino acids and monosaccharides into the liver
73
Left Subclavian vein
Where lacteal/lymphatic system leads to after fat absorption
74
Enzyme that actively transports sodium and potassium
Na-K ATPase, involved in maintaining concentrations for water absorption
75
Colon Functions
Haustral churning (bulge packing feces), peristalsis (localized), mass peristalsis Bacteria break down protein/amino acids, produce B vitamins Some water, ion, vitamin absorption
76
GluT Transporters and Insulin
GluT allows glucose to pass into cell, Insulin increases GluT insertion, thus increasing glucose uptake and decreasing blood sugar *Diabetes - insulin not responded to, high blood sugar
77
Glycogensis
Form glycogen from glucose
78
Glycogenolysis
Form glucose from glycogen
79
Gluconeogensis
Form glucose from proteins, triglyceride, lactic acid Stimulated by cortisol, glucagon, thyroid hormones
80
4 types of lipoproteins
Chylomicron - dietary lipids to adipose tissue VLDL - transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes LDL - carry 75% of total cholesterol, deliver to cells HDL - remove excess cholesterol from cells and blood, transport to liver to be eliminated
81
Calorie
Heat needed to raise temp of 1 kg water by 1 degree Celsius
82
Protein and vitamin B12 connection
Foods high in protein typically possess B12
83
Omega 3 vs 6 Fatty Acid
Omega 3 is better
84
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fat
Saturated stacks and blocks blood vessels, unsaturated has kink so unlikely to form plaque
85
Electrolyte Function Review
Sodium - impulse, muscle, electrolyte balance Chloride - osmotic pressure, HCl Potassium - fluid volume, impulse, muscle, pH Bicarbonate - buffer Magnesium - enzyme cofactor, myocardium, CNS transmission, sodium pump operation Calcium - bones and teeth, blood coagulation, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone, muscle and nerve excitability Phosphate - buffer

BIOL 191B (5 decks)

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