exam 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
why do we study the history of psychology
A
- there is no single form or approach
- the past helps shape the present
- integrates areas and issues within modern psychology
2
Q
what is psychology made up of
A
philosophy and physiology
3
Q
what did psychology derive from
A
ancient philosopy
- philosophers like plato and aristotle
- focused on memory, learning, motivation, thought, perception, and abnormal behavior
4
Q
what are key components of modern psychology
A
- defined by its methods
- uses techniques of physical sciences
- increased precision and objectivity
5
Q
how to collect data in psychology
A
- conduct a lab experiment
- observe behavior under controlled real world conditions
- take a survey
- calculate statistical correlation between two variables
- record keeping
6
Q
what is historiography
A
how we study history
- the techniques and principles employed in historical research
7
Q
why is the data of history unreliable
A
- data can not be reconstructed
- only access to fragments of events
- may be unreliable or false
- may be lost or distorted
- data can be misplaced or dilerberately destroyed
- data may be lose in translation
- self serving data
8
Q
what is an example of data being deliberately destroyed
A
Watson burned all of the stuff in his office after having an affair
9
Q
what is an example of data being lost in translation
A
Freuds theory of personality
10
Q
what is an example of self-serving data
A
data is subject to the biases of those who report it
ex: skinner described himself as rigourous and disciplined in his biography but later recanted these statements
11
Q
what is zeitgeist
A
the cultural and intellectual climate of the times
12
Q
how was psychology affected by the zeitgeist
A
economic opportunity
- scholarly and real world careers opened
world wars
- job opportunities
- expansion of testing services
- diagnostically useful
13
Q
what are contextual forces in psychology
A
- prejudice and discrimination (against women and based on ethnicity)
- many groups have little to no access to higher education and career opportunities
14
Q
what is the personalistic theory
A
progress and change are a result of individual contributions (Freud)
15
Q
what is the naturalistic theory
A
progress and change are inevitable (pavlov)
- result of general zeitgeist
16
Q
what is the school of thought
A
group of psychologists who become associated ideologically or geographically with the leader of a movement
- cyclical nature
17
Q
what is structuralism
A
wundt and titchener
- dealt with conscious experience as dependent on experiencing persons
- introspection
18
Q
what is functionalism
A
james and dewey
- concerned with the mind as used in adaptation to environment
19
Q
what is behaviorism
A
skinner and watson
- science of behavior
- observable behavioral acts
- objective methodology
20
Q
what is gestalt psychology
A
focus on learning and perception
- combining sensory elements to create novel patterns
21
Q
what is psychoanalysis
A
freud
- theory of personality
- system of psychotherapy
22
Q
what is humanistic psychology
A
emphasizes the study of conscious experience
- wholeness of human nature
23
Q
what was the defacating duck and why was it important
A
mechanical duck that looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, swallowed grain, and defecated but not a real duck
- was important because of zeitgeist. the machine began being used for science, industry, and entertainment
- started a new wave of automata
24
Q
the spirit of mechanism - why was it important
A
- machines were put to daily use such as pulleys, cranes, wheels, gears
- machines freed the industry from dependence on humans
25
what is a mechanism
the image of the universe as a great machine
- idea originated in physics
- introduced by galileo and newton
- every physical effect follows from a direct cause
- the physical world is like a clock: predictable, smooth, orderly
26
the invention of the clock
- "mother of machines"
- available to all - rich and poor
- symbol of wealth
- lead to activities being more regular and predictable
- influenced government
27
what is determinism
the doctine that acts are determined by past events
28
what is reductionism
the doctrine that explains phenomena on one level in terms of phenomena on another level
29
what is automata
machines capable of performing feats with precision and regularity
30
what is empiricism
the pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience
31
who is Descartes
french philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science
32
what is descartes main view
the mind body problem
- the question of distinction between mental and physical qualities
- proposed the mind and body are joined
- mind influences body, but body also influences mind
33
what is mind body dualism
denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical and that the mind and body are distinct and seperable
34
what was auguste comtes main view
introduced positivism
35
what is positivism
recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable
36
what is materialism
supports anti-metaphysical positivism
- considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter
37
what is john lockes main view
concerned with how the mind acquires knowledge
- tabula rasa : blank slate
sensation and reflection
sensation is derived from direct sensory input
reflection is forming ideas from that input
38
what are john lockes simple ideas
elementary ideas that arise from sensation and reflection
39
what are john lockes complex ideas
derived ideas that are compounded of simple ideas and can be reduced to smaller components
40
what is the theory of association
the notion that knowledge results from linking or associating simple ideas to form complex ideas
locke
41
what are john lockes primary vs secondary qualities
primary qualities: characteristics that exist whether or not we perceive them; do not change (size/shape)
secondary qualities: exist in our perception of the object (color/odor)
42
what is george berkeleys view of mentalism
mentalism: all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on the perceiving person
43
what is george berkeleys view on the associaton of sensations
we combine sensory information to represent objects
44
who is david hartley and his idea of associaton by contiguity and repetition
- law of associatoin is used to explain memory, reasoning, emotion, and voluntary/involuntary action
- ideas that occur simultaneously will become associated
- repetition: the notion that the more frequently two ideas occur together, the more readily they will be associated
45
what is hartleys influence of mechanism
attempted to explain the mental world and the underlying psychological processes with mechanical principles
46
james mill
the mind is a machine
- mind is a totally passive entity
- run by internal physical forces
- acted on by external stimuli
- no free will
- no creative function
47
john mill - mental chemistry
- complex ideas not summations of simple ideas
- creative synthesis: complex ideas formed from simple ideas also take on new qualities
- the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
48
principles of empiricism
- primary role of the process of sensation
- analysis of conscious experience into mental elements
- focus on conscious processes
49
David K's mistake
worked at the royal observatory and noted the times of star movements
- observations were 5/10 of a second slower than his boss, and increased to 8/10 which got him fired
- 20 years later, Bessel concluded that astronomy is affected by the human observer and the human observer is important to all sciences
50
what was Bessels personal equation
there are personal differences among people over which they have no control
51
müller and his research on brain functions
attempted to determine brain function by mapping from the inside
other attempts:
- extirpation (flourens)
- clinical method (broca)
- electrical stimilation (fritsch)
52
research on brain functions - mapping from the outside
Gall - phrenology: belief that mental characteristics correspond to bulges on the skull
53
research on the nervous system - Luigi Galvani
- found that nerves are electrical
54
research on the nervous system - Ramon y Cajal
discovered the direction of travel of nerve impulses
55
experimental psychology - the german approach to science
emphasis on the careful, thorough collection of observable facts
- welcomed the study of biology
the reform movement in german universities
- freedom unknown to other nations
- more resources
- more research universities
56
who is hermann von helmholtz
- one of the greatest scientists
- emphasized mechanism and determinism
- assumed human sense organs functioned like machines
57
helmholz contributions to new psychology
- investigated the speed of neural impulse
- research on vision and hearing (theory of color vision)
58
Weber
applied physiologys experimental methods to psychology questions
59
webers law
psychological events can be studied in conjunction with measurable physical stimulus values
60
webers two point thresholds
the threshold at which two points of stimulation can be distinguished as such
61
webers just noticable difference
the smallest difference that can be detected between two physical stimuli
62
fechner
mind and body
- stimulus increase does not produce corresponding increase in sensation
- absolute threshold: point of sensitivity below which no sensations can be detected
- differential threshold: JND point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change gives rise to a change in sensation
63
wundt
tested whether one person can percieve two stimuli at once
concluded that one cannot attend to both at once
64
who established first psych lab and journal
wundt
65
why is wundt so important
he sold psychology as a science
66
what was the subject matter of wundts psychology
consciousness
67
what is voluntarism
wundt
- the idea that the mind has the capacity to organize mental contents into higher level thought on its own
68
what is introspection
examination of ones own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts or feelings
69
what are the elements of conscious experience
sensations
- one form of experience
- aroused whenever a sense organ is stimulated and results in impulses reaching the brain
feelings
- the subjective complements of sensation but do not arise directly from sense
70
what is the tridimensional theory of feelings
feeling states are based on three dimentions
- pleasure/displeasure
- tension/relaxation
- excitement/depresson
71
what are criticisms of wundtian psychology
introspection cannot always lead to agreement
72
influential themes
darwin - theory of evolution
galton - individual differences
73
ebbinghaus
investigated learning and memory
74
ebbinghaus's method
- initial formation of associations
- controlled conditions under which chains of ideas were formed
- recorded the rate that associations were formed
75
what was ebbinghaus research with nonsense syllables
because it was difficult to study with words that carried meanin because of exisiting associations, he experimented with syllables that were presented in a meaningless series to study the speed of memorization and forgetting
76
what was ebbinghaus's main finding
the forgetting curve
77
who was franz brentano
believed that psych should be the study of mental activity
78
who was carl stumpf
phenomenology
- examined experience as it occurred and did not try to reduce experience to elementary components
79
who was kulpe
systematic experimental introspection
- imageless thought
80
what was the difference between wundt and kulpe
kulpe believed that thought processes could be studied experimentally
81
what was the swallow the rubber tube
titchener
- asked students to record feelings and sensations while participating in different experiments
- structuralism
82
what was the difference between wundt and titchener
wundt believed the mind had the power to organize mental elements voluntarily
titchener believed elements were mechanically linked through association
83
titcheners experimentalists
no women allowed because they were too pure to smoke
met regularly to discuss work
84
what was titcheners view on women
they were not allowed at his experimentalist meetings because they were too pure to smoke
- but he accepted them into his graduate program, he favored hiring women faculty, and more women completed their doctoral degrees under him than any other
85
what are titcheners three problems for psychology
reduce conscious processes to their simplest components
determine laws by which these elements were associated
connect the elements with their physiological conditions
86
what are criticisms of introspection
- titchener and kulpes methods are subjective reports in the elements of consciousnes s
- introspection alters the conscious experience it intends to study
- mind is not capable of studying itself
- trained observers will be biased
87
what are criticisms of titcheners system
structuralism is accused of artificiality
- the whole experience cannot be captured by a combination of elements
he considered animal and child psychology as not psychology
88
which psychologist burned his own letters before he died
watson
89
whose research would support the argument that there is no such thing as an objective observation
bessel
90
how many subjects did ebbinghaus use when conducting his research
1 - himself
91
skinners self discipline as a student and freuds being rejected early in his career indicated that
biographers are often subjective with biased accounts
92
what is ebbinghaus most recognized contribution
the forgetting curve
93
wundts focus was on _____ whereas titcheners was on _____
product; process
94
who is the researcher credited with the conclusion that the nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron
galvani
95
wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy in terms of its ____
use of the experimental method
96
what are mechanized figured that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things
automata
97
what was the dominant idea of the 17th century
mechnism
98
what measurement does webers law (the formulation of how mcuh change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it) lie on
just noticable difference
99
what theory supports the claim that freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. if not for him, no other psycholoist would have been able to uncover the human psyche
personalistic theory
100
what idea has psych borrowed from natrual physics
effects of predictable and measurable
101
who inaugurated the era of modern psych
descartes
102
what does wundts term voluntarism reflect his emphasis on
the power of the will of the mind to organize its contents
103
what was ebbinhaus;s focus of study on
the initial formation of associatoins
104
what feature of modern psych distinguishes it from its antecendents
methodology
105
the concept that meaning in thought can occur without any sensory input is called
imageless thought
106
what is the idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts called
positivism
