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exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does watson believe about behaviorism

A

individuals have very little to offer to the SR relationship

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2
Q

what is neobehaviorism

A

1930-1960
- most behavior can be accounted for by the laws of conditioning
- must adopt principle of operationism

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3
Q

what was tolmans purposive behaviorism

A

combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of purposiveness or goal orientation in behavior
- reinforcement is not necessary
- latent learning

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4
Q

Tolman’s Rats

A

3 groups
- one reinfoced from day 1
- one not reinforced at all
- one reinforced starting on day 11

learning was happening during all the time spent in the maze with no reinforcement

change in their behavior reflects a change in their motivation

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5
Q

what are intervening variables

A

unobserved and inferred factors within the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior
- the Organism can be measured through behavior

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6
Q

what are skinners contributions

A
  • developed a program for the behavioral control of society
  • promoted behavior modification techniques
  • invented an automated crib for tending infants
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7
Q

what is skinners behavior modification

A

the use of positive reinforcement to control/modify the behavior of individuals or groups
- a frequently used clinical application in mental hospitals, schools, prisons, etc. to change undesireable behaviors to more acceptable ones

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8
Q

what were criticisms of skinners behaviorism

A
  • extreme positivism and opposition to theory
  • reinforcement was not as all-powerful as skinner claimed
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9
Q

what is the third stage of behaviorism

A

sociobehaviorism: the cogntiive challenge

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10
Q

who was julian rotter

A

first to use term social learning theory
- argued that we learn primarily through social experiences

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11
Q

what were intervening variables of tolmans purpose behaviorism

A

unobserved and inferred factors within the Organism that are the actual determinants of behavior
- hunger (time between meals)
- the rat learns a cognitive representation of the maze, not just a series of bodily movements

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12
Q

what were contributions of skinners behaviorism

A
  • assertions about economic, social, political, and religious issues that he derived from his system
  • overall goal: the betterment of human lives and society through the application of the principles of his form of behaviorism
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13
Q

what were cognitive processes according to rotter

A

we perceive ourselves as conscious beings capable of influencing the experiences that affect our lives

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14
Q

who was albert bandura

A

social cognitive theory
- stressed the influence on external reinforcement schedules of such thought processes as beliefs, expecrations, and instructions
- emphasized the importance of rewards or reinforcements in acquiring and modifying behavior

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15
Q

what was rotters locus of control

A

idea about the perceived source of reinforcement
- internal locus of control - belief that reinforcement depends on ones own behavior
- external locus of control - belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces

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16
Q

are people with internal locus of control more physically and mentally healthier than those with an external locus of control

A

yes

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17
Q

what is the role of methodological behaviorists

A

to invoke internal cognitive processes as part of psychology’s subject matter
- hull, tolman, bandura, and rotter

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18
Q

what is the role of radical behaviorists

A

believe that psychology must study only overt behaviors and environmental stimuli (not internal states)
- watson and skinner

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19
Q

what did wolfgang kohler study (apes)

A

apes to observe how animals solve problems
- put them in large cases
- gave them implements that they could use to obtain the food that was placed in plain view
- observed them

the apes used tools to get the food and their movements were goal-oriented, purposeful, and deliberate

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20
Q

what was the gestalt revolt

A

as behaviorism was flourishing in the us, gestalt psych was gaining popularity in germany

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21
Q

what did gestalt psychologists believe

A

they accepted the value of consciousness while criticizing the attempt to reduce it to atoms or elements

they also maintained that when sensory elements are combined, the elements form a new pattern or configuration

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22
Q

who was mex wetheimer

A

he carried out some of his post productive work for the development of gestalt psychology and founded the journal Psychological Research

  • influenced maslow
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23
Q

who was wolfgang kohler

A

most prolific promoter of the gestalt movement
- his books became the standard works of gestalt psych
- suggested that gestalt theory was a general law of nature that should be extended to all the sciences

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24
Q

what is perceptual constancy

A

a quality of wholeness in perceptual experience that does not vary even when the sensory elements change
- brightness, size, angle all remain constant even when the stimulus itself changes

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25
what is the nature of the gestalt revolt (perception is a ____)
perception is a whole, a gestalt, and any attempt to analyze/reduce it to elements will destroy it
26
what did kohler find in his research with chimps
he interpreted the resutls of his research in terms of the whole situation and the relationships between stimuli - found that problem solving is a matter of restructuring the perceptual field
27
what do the two studies show about restructuring the perceptual field to problem solve
1. shows that animals cannot clealry envision the whole problem 2. shows a restructuring of the perceptual field was necessary for chimp to solve a problem
28
what is required for the gestalt studies of learning and the mentality of apes
no condition or observation must be insight - learning that occurs through sudden understanding and grasping of a problems solution, rather than through trial and error or reinforcement
29
when did the core of gestalt psychology shift to the US
1930s
30
what were the difficulties in advancement of gestalt psychology
- behaviorism on the rise in the us - language barrier - psychologists believed gestalt psych dealt only with perception
31
what was freuds dresm
- his mother is carried into a room by non human people who were extremely tall, dressed in strange clothing, with bird like faces - 30 years later and that dream is still highly emotional for freud - superficial meaning: a little boy afraid of losing his mother - true meaning: symbolized the sexual longing of a 7-year-old boy for his mother
32
what was freud like in adulthood
self confident, ambitious, desire for achievement, dreams of glory and fame - considerable intellectual ability - experimented with cocaine which he thought was a medicinal cure to ailments
33
what was the case of anna o
- she was a patient of josef breuer who discussed the case with frued - she suffered from severe hysterical complains including paralysis, memory loss, mental deterioration, nausea, and disturbances of vision and speech - symptoms first appeared whens he was nursing her dying father - during hypnosis she would recall specific experiences that seemed to have given rise to certain symptoms
34
what marked the formal beignning of psychoanalysis
Studies on Hysteria - frued convinced that sex was the sole cause of neurotic behavior
35
what is the childhood seduction theory
freud believed most of his women patients reported traumatic sexual experiences in childhood, often involving family members - later revised to suggest that the childhood seduction experiences his patients described were not real and had not happened
36
what was freuds belief about dreams
he thought they had a cause, and had a positivist belief that everything had a cause
37
what is dream analysis
a psychotherapeutic technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflict
38
what is the freudian slip
an act of forgetting or a lapse in speech that reflects unconscious motives or anxieties - based on freuds suggestion that unconscious ideas are strugling for expression and affect our thouhts and actions
39
what is the goal of therapy
to wean patients from this childlike dependency on the therapist and help them assume an adult role in their lives
40
what was the primary concern of therapy
not to cure people but to explain the dynamics of human behavior
41
what are instincts
mental representations of internal stimuli that motivate personality and behavior
42
what are the levels of personality
conscious vs unconscious id ego superego
43
what is anxiety
functions as a warning that the ego is being threatened
44
what are defense mechanisms of anxiety
behaviors that represent unconscious denials or distortions of reality but which are adopted to protect the ego against anxiety (denial, displacement, projection)
45
what are psychosexual stages of personality development
the developmental stages of childhood centering on erogeneous zones
46
who was anna freud
freuds dauhter - devoted her life to the development and extension of psychoanalytic theory and its application to the treatment of emotionally disturbed children
47
who were the neo freudians
carl jung, alfred adler, and karen horney
48
what was carl jungs analytic psycology
his theory of personality, in opposition to much of freuds work
49
what were jungs two levels of the unconscious mind
the personal unconscious: the reservoir of material that once was conscious but has been suppressed the collective unconscious: the deepest level of the psyche which contains inherited experiences of human and prehuman species
50
what are jungs archetypes
inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious that dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors who confronted similar situations
51
who was alfred adler
individual psychology - theory fo personality that incorporates social as well as biological factors social interest: innate potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal goals - believed we are more strongly affected by our plans for the future - striving for goals or anticipating comin events can influence present behavior
52
what was adlers inferiority complex
a condition that develops when a person is unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings - proposed that a feeling of inferiority is a motivating force in behavior - helplessness and dependence on others awakens this sense of inferiority in infancy
53
who was karen horney
early feminist who described her work as an extension of freuds system
54
what was horneys basic anxiety
the core of her system; pervasive lonliness and helplessness are feelings that give rise to neuroses - result from parental actions like dominance, lack of love, and erratic behavior - believed that personality develops in ealry childhood
55
what is humanistic psychology
emphasized human strengths, positive aspirations, conscious experience, free will, the fulfillment of human potential, and a belief in the wholeness of human nature
56
what was humansitc psych influenced by
zeitgeist: anti establishment counter culture - early theorists (brentano, kulpe0
57
what was maslow driven to do
to understand the greatest achievements of which we are capable - he studied a small sample of psychologically outstanding people to determine how they differed from those of average or normal mental health
58
what is maslows self actualization
the full development of ones abilities and the realization of ones potential - we must first satisfy needs that stand lower in an innate heirarchy
59
why did maslow come up with the heirarchy of eneds
he grew up isolated and unloved which made him have feelings of anger and hostility to his father and his mother openly rejected him in favor of his siblings - as an adult, his ideas brought him the acceptance and admiration he had lacked as a child
60
what is the heirarchy of needs from bottom to top
psychological needs - food, water, and sex safety needs - security, order, stability belongingness and love need s esteem needs from self and others need for self actualization
61
what was carl rogers person centered therapy
- based on a singular motivational factor - responsibility for improvement on the person or client rather than on the therapist
62
what was rogers unconditional positive regard
the unconditional love of a mother for her infant
63
what did rogers think personality is shaped by
the present and how we consciously perceive it
64
what is rogers self theory of incongruence
an overlap (venn diagram) of ideal self, self image, and true self
65
what is rogers self theory of congruence
that ideal self, self image, and true self are all one
66
who was a member of the Gestalt school and is best know for his experimental identification of Insight.
wolfgang kohler
67
For Maslow, the major motivating force is ____.
self actualization
68
According to Freud, the component of one’s personality that redirects impulses based on your own morality is ____.
superego
69
According to Köhler, insight involves ____.
the ability to use institution to solve problems
70
A topic addressed by psychoanalysis and essentially ignored by the other schools of psychology was ____.
the unconscious
71
Freud's major work is considered to be ____.
the interpretation of dreams
72
Jung pointed to archetypes as evidence for his concept of
the collective unconsious
73
Because of his important contribution called Latent Learning this man started the cognitive revolution
tolman
74
This perspective suggests that barriers to personal growth are due to questions about self worth and incongruence.
humanists
75
Inferiority feelings, according to Adler, develop in ____.
everyone
76
This disciple of Freud developed the concept of Basic anxiety: pervasive loneliness and helplessness are feelings that give rise to neuroses
karen horney
77
____ is an unconscious inability to bring into conscious awareness memories that are too shameful or painful to be faced.
resistance
78
he discipline representing a hybrid of cognitive psychology and the neuroscien
rotter
79
what is freuds id
instinct driven, pleasure seeking part of the mind focused on immediate gratification
80
what is freuds ego
the rational mediator that balances the ids impulses with real world constraints
81
what is freuds superego
the moral conscience representing societal and parental standards, striving for ideal behavior.

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