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HDFS 2100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Development

A

Biological and neurological change

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2
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the world

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3
Q

Social-Emotional Development

A

How we interact with others and understand, express, and manage emotions

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4
Q

Stages of Development + Ages

A
  • Infancy (0-1)
  • Toddler (1-3)
  • Early Childhood (3-6)
  • Middle Childhood (6-12)
  • Adolescence (12-18)
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5
Q

Nature vs. nurture

A

Nature = our genes, nurture = environment

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6
Q

Continuous vs. discontinuous

A

continuous = quantitative change
discontinuous = qualitative change

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7
Q

Equifinality vs. multifinality

A

E = Different pathways can result in the same outcome
M = Same pathway can lead to different outcomes

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8
Q

Intersectionality

A

more than one identities

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9
Q

Positive psychology

A

Focusing on people’s strengths rather than their weaknesses, allow children to cope with challenges, but take advantages of opportunities

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10
Q

Quantitative vs. qualitative change

A

Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable. Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language

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11
Q

Internal validity

A

Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that what is being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables.

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12
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • Our personality consists of three parts:
    • Id - basic instincts
    • Ego - negotiate between the demands of basic drives and the reality
    • Superego - moral principles
      (Freud)
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13
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

A

Infant - 18months : Trust vs. Mistrust
18 mth - 3 yrs : Autonomy vs Shame
3-5 yrs: initiative vs guilt
5-13 yrs: industry vs inferiority
13-21 yrs: identity vs confusion
21-39 yrs: intimacy vs isolation
40-65 yrs: generativity vs stagnation
65 + : integrity vs despair

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14
Q

Classical and operant conditioning

A

classical conditioning stimuli results in involuntary result, dog with bell. Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where a behavior is reinforced or punished to either increase or decrease its frequency, resulting in a voluntary response

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15
Q

behaviorism

A

Testable predictions based on observable phenomena
How we are shaped by environment

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16
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

(Bandura) Learning through imitation

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17
Q

Cognitive Development Theory

A

(Piaget)
- Schemas
- All the associations we have with a concept
- Assimilation
- Take new information and add it to an existing schema
- Accommodation
- Take new information and create a new schema

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18
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

(Vygotsky)
- Social world/culture plays a central role in growth
- Zone of proximal development
- Scaffolding- learn with help of person who’s an expert

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19
Q

Information Processing Theory:

A

Comparison of human cognition to computer processing

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19
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

(Bronfenbrenner)
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

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20
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A

Interaction of multiple factors in shaping development

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21
Q

Differences between basic and applied research

A

Basic Research
- Refine theories
- No immediate application
- Add to our understanding of phenomenon
Applied
- Improve what we do
- Solve immediate problems

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22
Q

Steps of scientific method

Study These Flashcards
A

Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Analysis, Conclusion, and Communication.

23
Q

Reliability and validity in research

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A

Reliable - it produces the same or similar results each time it is used
Valid - it measures what it says it is going to measure

24
Experimental vs. correlational designs
Experimental can identify causal relationships. Correlation shows strength and direction.
25
Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional studies
- Longitudinal - Collecting data from one group of individuals at several points in time - Cross-Sectional - Collecting data from multiple groups at one point in time
26
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages
1. Germinal stage - conception through implantation 2. Embryonic stage - when major structures form 3. Fetal stage - when structures start to function
27
Health Risks: Teratogens
- Teratogen: Agents that can cause malformations in an embryo or a fetus; Structural abnormality or functional deficit - Alcohol, Tobacco, Drugs
28
Stages of Labor
Early and active labor (longest), pushing, and delivery of the placenta
29
APGAR score
The Apgar score comprises five components: 1) color, 2) heart rate, 3) reflexes, 4) muscle tone, and 5) respiration
30
Role of the hemispheres
The two halves of the brain, responsible for processing information from the opposite side of the body, with the left hemisphere typically handling language and logic while the right hemisphere controls spatial awareness and creativity; they communicate through the corpus callosum
30
Premature birth and low birth weight risks
- Premature/preterm: children born before 37th week - Low birth weight: children born at full term weighing < 5lbs 80z - May have health complications
31
corpus callosum
A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to share information and coordinate functions across the brain
32
brainstem
The lower part of the brain that controls vital automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and wake-sleep cycles
33
Cerebellum
Located at the back of the brain, primarily responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and fine motor skills
34
Frontal Lobe
The front part of the brain involved in higher-level cognitive functions like planning, decision-making, reasoning, and personality
35
Parietal Lobe
Situated behind the frontal lobe, primarily responsible for processing sensory information from the body like touch, temperature, and pain
36
Temporal Lobe
Located near the ears, crucial for processing auditory information, memory formation, and language comprehension
37
Occipital Lobe
The back of the brain primarily dedicated to visual processing, including interpreting color, depth, and object recognition
38
hippocampus
a small part of the brain that helps with learning and memory
39
amygdala
primarily responsible for emotional responses, especially in situations involving anxiety, fear, or rage
40
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters: chemicals that transmit signals between neurons
41
myelination
Myelination: process of coating axons with an insulating sheath
42
Experience-expectant vs. experience-dependent development
- Experience-expectant development - The brain “expects” certain basic experiences (e.g., vision hearing, language) for normal growth - Experience-dependent development - Additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences (e.g., learning an instrument)
43
External validity
External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other situations, groups, or events.
44
Scaffolding
learning from someone knowledgable in field
45
Microsystem
Face-to-face interactions in Immediate settings (e.g. family, siblings)
46
Mesosystem
The interactions of microsystems (e.g. parents talk to child’s teacher)
47
Exosystem
An environment that the person is not in, but affects the person (e.g. parent’s workplace)
48
Macrosystem
Cultural norms (e.g. two homes in two different cultures will look and be different)
49
Chronosystem
historical time and events (e.g. parental divorce; covid)
50
Axons
(sender): fibers that send signals from other neurons
51
Dendrites
(receiver): branches that receive signals from other neurons
52
Synapses
the gap where neurons communicate via neurotransmitters
53
synaptogenesis
process of forming new synapses between neurons
54
Pruning
unused synaptic connections weaken and disappear
57

HDFS 2100 (5 decks)

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