Exam 1

Question 1

Factor of early disease spread: population growth

Answer 1

Diseases spread more quickly in higher density areas with people in closer contact with each other

Question 2

Factor of early disease spread: urbanization

Answer 2

most of the world in urban areas. high density living

Question 3

Factor of early disease spread: poor disease transmission knowledge

Answer 3

germ theory was only really discovered in 1546, people didnt understand the mechanisms of transmission: direct/indirect spread

Question 4

Factor of early disease spread: reservoir

Answer 4

people didnt understand the possibility of animal reservoirs or environmental reservoirs

Question 5

Factor of early disease spread: travel

Answer 5

people bring new diseases to naive populations

Question 6

Factor of early disease spread: nutrition

Answer 6

Undernutrition can lead to decreased immune function

Question 7

Factor of early disease spread: Sanitization

Answer 7

Related to clean drinking water and the disposal of human waste: fecal oral route transmission

Question 8

Bubonic plague symptoms

Answer 8

fever, headache, chills, weakness, SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES: buboes

Question 9

Bubonic plague spread

Answer 9

fleas
sylvatic cycle: wild rodents and fleas
urban cycle: domestic rodent

Question 10

Septicemic plague syptoms

Answer 10

Fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, bleeding, gangrene.

Question 11

septicemic plague transmission

Answer 11

from flea bites or contact with infected animals

Question 12

pnuemonic plague symptoms:

Answer 12

fever, headache, weakness, rapid pneumonia, chest pain, cough, bloody or watery mucus

Question 13

Pnuemonic plague transmission:

Answer 13

Inhaling droplets or a complication from the other two types of plague

Question 14

plague bacteria and incubation period

Answer 14

yersinia pestis: 1-7 days

Question 15

period of communicability for flea, human, and animal

Answer 15

flea: months
human: during illness
animal: during illness

Question 16

prevention and control of plague

Answer 16

reduce flea bits, increase education, reduce exposure to infected people, vaccination of livestock, antibiotic treatment

Question 17

how was plague introduced

Answer 17

in 1900 by rat infested steamships from asia, caused epidemics in port cities. spread from urban rats to rural rats -> endemic in western U.S

Question 18

Bubonic plague suceptibility

Answer 18

all ages, mostly in 12-45 yrs

Question 19

where is plague seen mostly in the U.S.

Answer 19

in the west, we are seeing higher case numbers in rural areas

Question 20

Plague of Justinian 541-610

Answer 20

In egypt, moved to north contantinople,
25-50 million total

Question 21

Black death 1300s

Answer 21

Originated in asia and moved to europe, 50 million dead
the plague spread through trade routes

Question 22

third pandemic 18502 to 1959

Answer 22

started in china and spread across the world, mostly in asia and africa, 10 million dead

Question 23

plague and bioterrorism

Answer 23

catapulting corposes, dropping infected fleas from planes, aerosolizing bacteria in the cold war

Question 24

smallpox virus

Answer 24

variola major (CFR - 30%) variola minor (CFR-1%)

Question 25

smallpox symptoms

Answer 25

fever, malaise, headache, back pain, vomiting, RASH

Question 26

smallpox rash vs chicken pox rash

Answer 26

Smallpox: MOSTLY ON FACE AND EXTREMITIES, legions on a body part are in the same stage Chickenpox: focused on center of body, can have different stage legions adjacent.

Question 27

reservoir for smallpox and modes of transmission

Answer 27

HUMANS ARE ONLY RESERVOIR 1. person to person, inhalation of droplet nuclei 2. airborne transmission 3. contaminated fomites 4. contact with skin lesions and infected body fluids

Question 28

smallpox incubation period

Answer 28

7-17 days

Question 29

smallpox period of communicability

Answer 29

first lesion, till last scab falls off (3 weeks) most infectious in the first week when you get the rashes and there is lots of virus in your saliva

Question 30

smallpox suceptibility

Answer 30

universal

Question 31

small pox origin and spread

Answer 31

in egypt 10,000 spread to amerias in the 16th century, 1/3 of the new world died by smallpox

Question 32

original smallpox control

Answer 32

first vaccine by edward jenner

Question 33

ring vaccination theory,

Answer 33

cases, contacts, contacts of contacts, vaccination within 4 days after exposure

Question 34

smallpox eradication

Answer 34

1977 last case of smallpox minor in somalia, 1980 who declares erradicated last case of variola major in 1975

Question 35

factors of smallpox eradication

Answer 35

only in humans, easy to diagnose, ring vaccination theory, no carrier state, doesnt mutate a lot, good incubation period, antibody response is good