Immunology and Lab Techniques

Question 1

thymus

Answer 1

produces t cells

Question 2

lymph nodes

Answer 2

storage houses that trap pathogens

Question 3

spleen

Answer 3

filters blood

Question 4

bone marrow

Answer 4

makes b cells

Question 5

antigens

Answer 5

non-self, stimulates an immune response

Question 6

humoral immune response

Answer 6

has memory and is specific
huMmoral : m for memory
antibodies and b cells

Question 7

innate immunity

Answer 7

nonspecific response

Question 8

Innate immunity first line of response

Answer 8

physical barriers: stomach acid, skin, mucus membranes

Question 9

innate immunity second line of defense

Answer 9

white blood cells!
phagocytes, NK cells, cytokine cascade

Question 10

why are people getting bone marrow transplants susceptible to infection

Answer 10

compromising b cell production
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Question 11

t cell role

Answer 11

gives a signal to the white blood cells to come and attack

Question 12

immunogloblins

Answer 12

antibodies

Question 13

igM

Answer 13

first antibody to get made in an infection, made by fetus and b cells

Question 14

igG

Answer 14

secondary one made, gives lasting protection, has memory so can give robust response among the second exposure, can be transferred through the placenta

after infection the concentration never drops back down to 0

Question 15

igA

Answer 15

secretory Ig,
tears, saliva, gastric and pulmonary secretions

Question 16

IgE

Answer 16

allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 17

IgD

Answer 17

on the surface of B cells

Question 18

naive

Answer 18

no protection against the antigen

Question 19

cultures

Answer 19

the gold standard, growing the pathogen outside of the host

Question 20

lab techniques that detect antigens and antibodies

Answer 20

LA (latex agglutnation), complement fixation (CF), enzyme linked immuno-assay (ELA), fluorescent antibody (FA)

Question 21

ELISA

Answer 21

attach antibody onto a plate, take blood serum, and if the person has the antigen it will stick to the antibody.

then add another MARKED antibody that will stick to the antigen, wash, and then we can visualize the tagged antibodies.

Question 22

titer

Answer 22

quantifies the circulating levels of antibodies in the body, measured by the DILUTION of the serum sample

Question 23

paired sera

Answer 23

four fold increase between acute and convalescent sera to show recent infection

We can take 2 sera draws from someone, we can tell if they have an old or a new infection

Each of the lines marks when the person’s blood was drawn.

For example, we do it first at day 3 for igm, and then draw again at the peak of the infection, we draw again at the peak of the infection. We want to see a 4 fold increase in the two titers.

Question 24

Molecular techniques

Answer 24

use RNA and DNA
quick, highly sensitive, initially expensive

Question 25

PFGE

Answer 25

pulsed field gel electrophoresis process 1. take bacteria from plat mix into liquid agar, put the dna by lysing bacteria in plugs, cut dna with restriction enzymes, load into gel to get pattern similar patters in rows can indicate infection with the same pathogen

Question 26

cell mediated immunity

Answer 26

adaptive immune defense in which foreign cells are destroyed by T cells