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Infectious Disease Epi > Vaccine Preventable Diseases > Flashcards

Vaccine Preventable Diseases Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What was the first vaccine ever

A

1796 The smallpox vaccine by edward jenner

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2
Q

2nd vaccine and its significance: Diphtheria

A

Diphtheria, 1923 first widespread toxoid vaccine

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3
Q

3rd vaccine and its significance: Polio

A

Polio, massive U.S. immunization campaign, big public health success

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4
Q

4th vaccine: Measles:

A

Measles: first step in eliminating a childhood killer

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5
Q

5th vaccine and its significance : MMR:

A

combined vaccine that increased coverage and convience

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6
Q

6th vaccine and its significance: Hepatitis B

A

First vaccine to prevent a type of cancer

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7
Q

7th vaccine: varicella

A

varicella (chickenpox): prevented common childhood vaccine

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8
Q

8th vaccine: HPV

A

prevented cervical and HPV-related cancer.

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9
Q

9th vaccine: PCV13 (Pneumococcal Conjugate)

A

Major advance in preventing deadly pneumonia and meningits

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10
Q

10th vaccine: COVID-19

A

mrna vaccine, rapid response to a global pandemic

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11
Q

active immunity

A

the hosts own immune system generates an immune response to antigens (pertussis, tetanus)

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12
Q

Passive immunity

A

Protection to the host through transfer of animal or human immunoglobulin (protection for the fetus and the newborn)

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13
Q

The Ideal vaccine

A

single dose, protects from clinical disease, lasts for life (no booster shots), minimal adverse events, immunity to multiple strains, administration is practical, cultural, and ethically acceptable, transportation is simple, does not interfere with other vaccines, the cost and benefits outweigh the risk of the natural disease.

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14
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

live weakened form of the “wild” virus or bacteria
- replicates in the host
- both humor and cell-mediated immunity
- horizontal transmission, can spread the antibodies to other people
- possible adverse effects because it is live
-harder to transport because needs to b temped
- usually effective with one dose
- interfere with circulating antibody

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15
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

whole/components of the virus or bacteria that are killed.
- cant replicate
- minimal interference from circulaitng antibody
- generally not as effective as live vaccines (3-5 doses )
- immune response is mostly huMmoral
- antibody titer diminishes with time
-transport is easier

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16
Q

viral vector vaccines

A

use a harmless virus to deliver the host cells the genetic code of the antigen

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17
Q

mrna vaccine

A

rna teaches our body to make the viral proteins which can trigger a fast immune response
- can make a lot of vaccines very fast

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18
Q

Herd immunity

A

a large percentage of the population so that those who are not vaccinated are protected

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19
Q

basic reproduction number

A

number of secondary cases by one infected individual when the rest of the population is susceptible

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20
Q

critical vaccination level

A

proportion of the population that must be vaccinated to reach herd immunity, assuming that vaccination is done at random

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21
Q

vaccine effectiveness against transmission

A

reduction in transmission of infection to and from vaccination compared to control individuals in the same population

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22
Q

VAERS

A

vaccine adverse event reporting system: by the cdc and the fda, passive surveillance that relies on healthcare providers and parents, receives 15,000 reports per year

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23
Q

polio: microbe, serotypes,

A

enterovirus, serotype 1, 2 and 3,
WPV (wild polio virus ) : type 2 was eradicated in 1999
type 3 eradicated in 2020
outbreaks of type 1

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24
Q

polio heterotypic immunity

A

minimal: someone who has immunity to type 1 doesnt have immunity to type 2 and 3

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25
polio reservoir and incubation period
humans only, 7-14 days
26
polio transmission
fecal oral and oral-oral possible
27
polio incubation and suceptibility
7-10 days, virus in stool for 3-6 weeks universal suceptibility
28
polio symptoms
only 10% of cases are symptomatic mild: fever, sore throat, vomiting, malaise more sever: fever, meningitis very sever: muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing and breathing, respiratory paralysis
29
pathogenicity of polio
enters into the mouth, replicates in the pharynx, GI tract, and local lymphatics. spread to lymphatics and CNS, viral spread across nerve fibers, leads to that destruction of motor neurons (what i think of when i think of polio)
30
prevention and control of polio
vaccine for travelers and those in endemic/outbreak areas, quarantine is NOT reccomended because the period of communicability is before the onset of illness, proper sewage disposal, international surveillance
31
inactivated polio vaccine
99% effective, but we dont know the duration of immunity used in polio free and developed country, so the boosters are only needed in endemic areas
32
oral polio vaccine
50% immunity after one dose, 95% after the second dose immuntiy lifelong because it activates IgA (secretory: ORAL duh) and cell mediated immunity Live virus, horizontal spread, cheap CAUSES VDPV VACCINE DERIVED POLIO VIRUS (1 in 2.7 million doses)
33
VDPV
VACCINE DERIVED POLIO VIRUS , from the live oral vaccine, causes paralysis like wpv, increased risks in adults AND immunodeficient. most cases in the healthy
34
stopping VACCINE DERIVED POLIO VIRUS (type 2)
type 2 component of the oral vaccine caused 90% of the circulating outbreaks, even though type 2 was eradicated. vaccine when from trivalent > bivalent vaccine > monovalent > novel oral polio vaccine (nOPV2)
35
polio survellience
tracking acute flaccid paraysis, analyze stool samples in the lab and then mapping the virus to see where the strain originated
36
polio environmental surviellance
testing sewage to look for polio
37
where are most of the polio outbreaks
africa
38
pertussis microbe and incubation period
bordetella pertussis , 6-20 days up to 21
39
who is at highest risk for pertussis (whooping cough)
infants under 12 months
40
catarrhal stage:
1st symptom stage of pertussis, subtle onset, non specific cough, similar to minor upper respirtory infection
41
paroxysmal stage
second stage of pertussis symptoms: repeated violet coughing, no breathing b/w coughs=whooping sound, clear mucus, spontaneous vomiting
42
convalescent stage
3rd stage of pertussis symptoms, Lessing paroxysms over 2-3 weeks
43
pertussis reservior and transmission
in humans only, mainly teens and adults transmission through inhalking droplets
44
pertussis communicability & susceptibility
maximum in catarrhal stage, negligible by wk 3 of symptoms, secondary attack rate up to 80% universal susceptible
45
whole-cell pertussis vaccine
1st pertussis vaccine: 70-90& efficacy after 3 doses, with protection 5-10 yrs, common adverse rxns since whole bacteria
46
Acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP)
Purified subunit vaccines in childhood, to reduce adverse reactions
47
Tdap (tetanus, diptheria, and pertussis)
booster given in adult ot teenhood, every 10 years or 5 years with a severe wound or burn
48
PEP
Postexposure prophylaxis: can be used to prevent death and serious complications if within 21 days and before someone becomes ill
49
pertussis clinical case definition
in the absence of more likely diagnosis, cough illness over 2 weeks with one of the systems: paroxysms, whoop, post-tussive vomition, or apnea lab criteria: isolation of bordetella pertussis or PCR
50
pertussis epidemiology
some discrepancy between cases and esitmates, outbreaks occur every 3-5 years
51
Measles symptoms
cough, coryza (running nose), conjuctivitis (wet eyes) , koplik spots in mouth, stepwise increase in fever, rash 2-4 days after initial symptoms, and 14 days after exposure
52
measles rash
2-4 days after initial symptoms, 14 days after exposure maculopapular rash may becomes confluent, begins in the face and moves downward 5-6 days fades head down
53
measles complications
children under 5 and above 20 otitis media, diarrhea, pnuemonia, bronchitis, acute encephalitis
54
measles reservoir, and transmission
human only, contagious viral respiratory virus spreads through droplots, contact with secretions, and possible airborne. R0= 12-18 90% secondary attack
55
measles communicability and suceptibilty, and incubation period
4 days before and 4 days after rash, incubation period: 10-12 days peaks in late winter/spring, with epidemics happening every 2-3 years UNIVERSAL susceptibility, 90% of the population has been infected by adulthood
56
measles vaccine
live attenuated, 95% efficacy, lifelong immunity: schedule 2 doses: 12-15 mo and 4-6 years MMR.
57
PEP for measles
for high risk individuals, pregnant women, isolation of contact is not practical
58
before the measles vaccine
3 to 4 million cases estimated, 500,000 reported, 48,000 hospitilizations 4,000 cases w/ encephalitis 450-500 deaths
59
current measles burden
elminated from u.s. in 2000, cases ranged from 37-667 can be brought into the U.S. by travellers
60
elimination of measles declarded after
the 2nd dose was reccommended
61
measles outbreaks in u.s.
3 or more linked cases, prevalent in texas
62
global burden of measles
measles vaccination resulted in 80% drop in deaths from 200-2017 worldwide vaccine rates for measles is dropping
63
measles very present in
africa and russia north asia (yemen)
64
reasons for vaccine hesitancy
environmental: access barriers, complacency, misinformation, gov resistance personal: beliefs, risk perception, trauma, distrust in healthcare, historical trauma, discrimination social: networks and peer influences, media, stigma safety and vaccine related factors
65
autism and vaccines
diagnosis of autism is made in the second year of like and the measles vaccine is given after 12 months
66
mercury and autism
thimerosal is not used as a preservative in recd childhood vaccines lack of evidence b/w the mmr vaccine and autism

Infectious Disease Epi (5 decks)

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