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BMB 401 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Open System

A

Heat energy can be exchanged; matter can be exchanged between the surroundings and system

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2
Q

Closed System

A

Heat energy can be exchanged; matter cannot be exchanged between the surrounds and system

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3
Q

Is our body an open system or a closed system?

A

Open System

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4
Q

Blood pH is monitored by?

A

chemoreceptors in blood vessels, brain, and kidneys

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5
Q

What are the prime organs responsible for maintenance of blood pH?

A

The lungs (regulation of CO2) and kidneys (regulation of molar concentraitionn [HCO3])

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6
Q

Is the CO2 in our body acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

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7
Q

Is HCO3- in our body acidic or basic?

A

Basic

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8
Q

What is the normal blood pH range?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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9
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

A blood pH higher than 7.45

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10
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

A blood pH lower than 7.35

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11
Q

How to increase the pH in your blood?

A

By increasing the brathing rate. we are getting rid of CO2 which is acidic.

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12
Q

When a person hyperventilates, why we breathe in a paper bag?

A

To increase the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs thereby keeping more CO2 in the blood and decreasing pH.

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13
Q

When blood pH increases, the kidneys will…

A

decrease the elimination of HCO3- to decrease pH

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14
Q

What other ion can the kidneys excrete in the urine besides HCO3-?

A

H3O+

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15
Q

Is the regulation of the blood pH in the kidneys a slower or faster process than the lungs?

A

kidneys regulate pH slower than lungs

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16
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of the relatedness between heat and power

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17
Q

the system (thermodynamics)

A

the area in which the reaction you are looking at is occuring ie: beaker, sub-cellular compartment, thermal vent, earth itself

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18
Q

the surroundings (thermodynamics)

A

everything else in existence, excluding the area of interest

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19
Q

the universe (thermodynamics)

A

system + surroundings

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20
Q

the total energy of a system and its surrounding is…

A

constant

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21
Q

Who proposed the first law of dynamics?

A

Julius Robert von Mayer (1841) and James Prescott Joule

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22
Q

First Law of Thermo Dynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

E_uni = E_surr + Esys

E_uni is constant

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23
Q

Entropy (S)

A

a measure of disorder, freedom, or randomness

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24
Q

the entropy of a system plus its surroundings always ?

A

increases, randomness always increases

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25
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

the entropy of the universe always increases.

deltaS_uni = deltaS_sys + deltaS_surr

deltaS_uni always increases and must be positive

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26
Q

How do you measure energy of the system?

A

By measuring the changes in heat, pressure, or volue. Since energy is related to work, we can also measure work done BY the system and TO the system

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27
Q

Who is Denis Papin and What is the Bone Digester?

A

In 1679, he designed a tightly sealed vessel that could be used to measure vlume changes of a gas as the gas was heated.

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28
Q

Who is James Prescott Joule?

A

he discovered that the energy of work is converted:

in part to heat

in part to enropy

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29
Q

Who is Julius Robert von Meyer?

A

besides proposing the 1st law of thermo, he proposed plants convert light into chemical energy and oxidation is the primary source of energy for life.

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30
Q

Phototrophs

A

they harvest energy and fix carbon.

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31
Q

When energy of photons in sunlight is converted to chemical energy by photosyntheic organisms, where is this energy stored?

A

in high energy molecules, ATP and NADPH, and then used to power reduction of CO2. energy is oxidized to supply energy required for life

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32
Q

How much energy (deltaG) is released from the oxidation of glucose?

A

deltaG = +2870 kJ/mol

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33
Q

Energy from food is used for heat, to power chemical reaction and for work:

A

Mechanical Motion: unwinding of DNA strands, muscle contraction

Active Transport across membranes: ion concentration, pH

Replication, transcription, and translation

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34
Q

Who is Josiah Willard Gibbs

A

Author of the Gibbs free energy quation which predicts whether chemical reactions, or changes of physical state would occur spontaneously at constant pressure and volume.

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35
Q

Gibbs Free Energy Equation

A

ΔG = ΔH - (T * ΔS)

ΔG: free energy

ΔH: change in enthalpy

ΔS: change in entropy

36
Q

If ΔG < 0

A

the reaction is energetically favorable and will proceed spontaneously, exergonic

37
Q

If ΔG > 0

A

the reaction is not favorable, and will not proceed spontaneously, endergonic

38
Q

If ΔG = 0

A

the reaction is at equilibrium

39
Q

deltaG reactions are more favorable when there is sufficient:

A

decrease in enthalpy (heat is giving off during reaction; deltaH < 0) and increase in entropy (randomness of the products is higher than that of reactants; deltaS > 0)

40
Q

What does the Gibbs free energy equation do?

A

allows one to determine the energy that is available, in a given reaction, to do work

41
Q

Thermodynamics does NOT answer a question like…

A

What is the rate of the reaction?

42
Q

ΔGo

A

free energy of a reaction carried out under standard-state conditions:

25oC, 1 atm, one mole of each reactant

43
Q

ΔGo’

A

indicates that the reaction occurs under standard conditions in biologic systems:

25oC, 1atm, pH 7, in aq solution where water is 55.5M

44
Q

Equation for ΔG in terms of ΔGo’

A

ΔG = ΔGo’ + RT ln ( [C][D] / [A][B] )

R = 8.3145 J / K mol

ΔG = ΔGo’ + 2.303*RT log ( [C][D] / [A][B] )

45
Q

The Central Dogma

A

the tranmissable genetic information is housed in DNA

46
Q

DNA

A

used as a template to make RNA

meant to be kept safe to be passed on to other cells

47
Q

RNA

A

used as a template to make proteins (amino acids, etc)

used as a working copy of the info that is housed in the DNA

48
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

Language = Nucleic Acid

does not require a primer

catalyzed by RNA polymerases

49
Q

Translation

A

RNA to Protein

Language = Amino acids

50
Q

Replication

A

the process of copying DNA so it can be passed on to other cells

Language used = Nucleic Acid

Semi-conservative

51
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

RNA can be used as a template to make DNA

52
Q

DNA and RNA differences

A

It differs at the second carbon where Ribose has an OH and Deoxyribose has only H

53
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA?

A

because the RNA 2’ OH can attack the phosphate group at the 3’ position that creates an unstable cyclic intermediate that hydrolysis

54
Q

Purine

A

has two ring groups with two structures:

Adenine and Guanine (both RNA and DNA)

55
Q

Pyrimidine

A

has one nitrogenous ring with two diff structures:

Uracil (RNA) and Thymine (DNA)

56
Q

What does replication require?

A

Template

Primer

dNTPs

57
Q

In replication, in what direction does new strands polymerise?

A

in the 5’ to 3’ direction

58
Q

Replication Fork

A

the side at which the DNA is being unwound

59
Q

Direction of the Fork Progression

A

is the direction in which the general replication machinery is going to progress

60
Q

Leading Strand

A

is synthesized in one piece from 5’ to 3’ in the direction of the fork progression

61
Q

Lagging Strand

A

synthesized in short segments from 5’ to 3’ but is going in the opposite direction of the Fork Progression

polymerization is dicontinuous

62
Q

Replication: Primer

A

it is required to have a free 3’ hydroxyl to add to an adjacent nucleotide

63
Q

RNA Polymerization

A

does not require a primer, so short strands of RNA are polymerized to form a primer for DNA

64
Q

Replication is carried out by

A

DNA Polymerase

65
Q

When does Replication occur?

A

occurs prior to cell division

66
Q

What does Transcription require?

A

DNA Template

Nucleotide tri-phosphates

RNA Polymerase

67
Q

How does transcription occur?

A

It is read from 5’ to 3’ and then constructed from 5’ to 3’ direction.

68
Q

Where does transcription stop?

A

stem-loop structures followed by poly-U stretches can function as stop sites

69
Q

Stem Loops

A

single-stranded nucleic acid can adopt higher order structures

70
Q

Introns

A

intergenic regions

do not appear in the final message that is used to translate proteins

71
Q

Extrons

A

regions used for translation

regions that actually encode the information necessary to make protein

72
Q

UTR

A

Untranslated region

73
Q

Post-transcriptional Modification

A

ß-Globin gene will be transcribed completely intro a pre mRNA

74
Q

Splicing

A

removal of introns from ß-Globin gene becoming an mRNA

75
Q

RNA Molecules are necessary for use as:

A

genetic instructions for protein synthesis

enzymes

binding partners of RNAs in biologic processes

regulatory molecules

76
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

bind amino acids and bring them to the ribosome for the synthesis of peptides

77
Q

The most relative amount of RNA in a cell is?

A

rRNA > tRNA > mRNA

78
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

an RNA copy of the genetic information necessary to synthesize a protein

79
Q

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

A

double stranded RNAs which one strand is degraded and the other binds to mRNAs and targets them for destruction

80
Q

Micro RNA (miRNA)

A

single stranded RNA which bind to mRNAs to inhibit their use as a template for protein synthesis

81
Q

Small nuclear RNA particles

A

serve as many functions including splicing (Only in Eukaryotes)

82
Q

SRP (signal recognition particle)

A

this RNA forms part of the partile that transports mRNAs to the endoplasmic reticulum (in Eukaryotes)

83
Q

Codons

A

three nucleotides long and identifies a specific amino acid or a stop signal

84
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

three stops

85
Q

Messages begin translation with what codon?

A

5’ AUG 3’

86
Q
A

BMB 401 (6 decks)

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