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BMB 401 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Open System

A

Heat energy can be exchanged; matter can be exchanged between the surroundings and system

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2
Q

Closed System

A

Heat energy can be exchanged; matter cannot be exchanged between the surrounds and system

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3
Q

Is our body an open system or a closed system?

A

Open System

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4
Q

Blood pH is monitored by?

A

chemoreceptors in blood vessels, brain, and kidneys

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5
Q

What are the prime organs responsible for maintenance of blood pH?

A

The lungs (regulation of CO2) and kidneys (regulation of molar concentraitionn [HCO3])

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6
Q

Is the CO2 in our body acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

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7
Q

Is HCO3- in our body acidic or basic?

A

Basic

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8
Q

What is the normal blood pH range?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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9
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

A blood pH higher than 7.45

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10
Q

What is Acidosis?

A

A blood pH lower than 7.35

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11
Q

How to increase the pH in your blood?

A

By increasing the brathing rate. we are getting rid of CO2 which is acidic.

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12
Q

When a person hyperventilates, why we breathe in a paper bag?

A

To increase the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs thereby keeping more CO2 in the blood and decreasing pH.

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13
Q

When blood pH increases, the kidneys will…

A

decrease the elimination of HCO3- to decrease pH

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14
Q

What other ion can the kidneys excrete in the urine besides HCO3-?

A

H3O+

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15
Q

Is the regulation of the blood pH in the kidneys a slower or faster process than the lungs?

A

kidneys regulate pH slower than lungs

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16
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of the relatedness between heat and power

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17
Q

the system (thermodynamics)

A

the area in which the reaction you are looking at is occuring ie: beaker, sub-cellular compartment, thermal vent, earth itself

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18
Q

the surroundings (thermodynamics)

A

everything else in existence, excluding the area of interest

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19
Q

the universe (thermodynamics)

A

system + surroundings

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20
Q

the total energy of a system and its surrounding is…

A

constant

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21
Q

Who proposed the first law of dynamics?

A

Julius Robert von Mayer (1841) and James Prescott Joule

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22
Q

First Law of Thermo Dynamics

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

E_uni = E_surr + Esys

E_uni is constant

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23
Q

Entropy (S)

A

a measure of disorder, freedom, or randomness

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24
Q

the entropy of a system plus its surroundings always ?

A

increases, randomness always increases

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25
Second Law of Thermodynamics
the entropy of the universe always increases. deltaS\_uni = deltaS\_sys + deltaS\_surr deltaS\_uni always increases and must be positive
26
How do you measure energy of the system?
By measuring the changes in heat, pressure, or volue. Since energy is related to work, we can also measure work done BY the system and TO the system
27
Who is Denis Papin and What is the Bone Digester?
In 1679, he designed a tightly sealed vessel that could be used to measure vlume changes of a gas as the gas was heated.
28
Who is James Prescott Joule?
he discovered that the energy of work is converted: in part to heat in part to enropy
29
Who is Julius Robert von Meyer?
besides proposing the 1st law of thermo, he proposed plants convert light into chemical energy and oxidation is the primary source of energy for life.
30
Phototrophs
they harvest energy and fix carbon.
31
When energy of photons in sunlight is converted to chemical energy by photosyntheic organisms, where is this energy stored?
in high energy molecules, ATP and NADPH, and then used to power reduction of CO2. energy is oxidized to supply energy required for life
32
How much energy (deltaG) is released from the oxidation of glucose?
deltaG = +2870 kJ/mol
33
Energy from food is used for heat, to power chemical reaction and for work:
Mechanical Motion: unwinding of DNA strands, muscle contraction Active Transport across membranes: ion concentration, pH Replication, transcription, and translation
34
Who is Josiah Willard Gibbs
Author of the Gibbs free energy quation which predicts whether chemical reactions, or changes of physical state would occur spontaneously at constant pressure and volume.
35
Gibbs Free Energy Equation
ΔG = ΔH - (T \* ΔS) ΔG: free energy ΔH: change in enthalpy ΔS: change in entropy
36
If ΔG \< 0
the reaction is energetically favorable and will proceed spontaneously, exergonic
37
If ΔG \> 0
the reaction is not favorable, and will not proceed spontaneously, endergonic
38
If ΔG = 0
the reaction is at equilibrium
39
deltaG reactions are more favorable when there is sufficient:
decrease in enthalpy (heat is giving off during reaction; deltaH \< 0) and increase in entropy (randomness of the products is higher than that of reactants; deltaS \> 0)
40
What does the Gibbs free energy equation do?
allows one to determine the energy that is available, in a given reaction, to do work
41
Thermodynamics does NOT answer a question like...
What is the rate of the reaction?
42
ΔGo
free energy of a reaction carried out under standard-state conditions: 25oC, 1 atm, one mole of each reactant
43
ΔGo'
indicates that the reaction occurs under standard conditions in biologic systems: 25oC, 1atm, pH 7, in aq solution where water is 55.5M
44
Equation for ΔG in terms of ΔGo'
ΔG = ΔGo' + RT ln ( [C][D] / [A][B] ) R = 8.3145 J / K mol ΔG = ΔGo' + 2.303\*RT log ( [C][D] / [A][B] )
45
The Central Dogma
the tranmissable genetic information is housed in DNA
46
DNA
used as a template to make RNA meant to be kept safe to be passed on to other cells
47
RNA
used as a template to make proteins (amino acids, etc) used as a working copy of the info that is housed in the DNA
48
Transcription
DNA to RNA Language = Nucleic Acid does not require a primer catalyzed by RNA polymerases
49
Translation
RNA to Protein Language = Amino acids
50
Replication
the process of copying DNA so it can be passed on to other cells Language used = Nucleic Acid Semi-conservative
51
Reverse Transcription
RNA can be used as a template to make DNA
52
DNA and RNA differences
It differs at the second carbon where Ribose has an OH and Deoxyribose has only H
53
Why is RNA less stable than DNA?
because the RNA 2' OH can attack the phosphate group at the 3' position that creates an unstable cyclic intermediate that hydrolysis
54
Purine
has two ring groups with two structures: Adenine and Guanine (both RNA and DNA)
55
Pyrimidine
has one nitrogenous ring with two diff structures: Uracil (RNA) and Thymine (DNA)
56
What does replication require?
Template Primer dNTPs
57
In replication, in what direction does new strands polymerise?
in the 5' to 3' direction
58
Replication Fork
the side at which the DNA is being unwound
59
Direction of the Fork Progression
is the direction in which the general replication machinery is going to progress
60
Leading Strand
is synthesized in one piece from 5' to 3' in the direction of the fork progression
61
Lagging Strand
synthesized in _short segments_ from 5' to 3' but is going in the opposite direction of the Fork Progression polymerization is dicontinuous
62
Replication: Primer
it is required to have a free 3' hydroxyl to add to an adjacent nucleotide
63
RNA Polymerization
does not require a primer, so short strands of RNA are polymerized to form a primer for DNA
64
Replication is carried out by
DNA Polymerase
65
When does Replication occur?
occurs prior to cell division
66
What does Transcription require?
DNA Template Nucleotide tri-phosphates RNA Polymerase
67
How does transcription occur?
It is read from 5' to 3' and then constructed from 5' to 3' direction.
68
Where does transcription stop?
stem-loop structures followed by poly-U stretches can function as stop sites
69
Stem Loops
single-stranded nucleic acid can adopt higher order structures
70
Introns
intergenic regions do not appear in the final message that is used to translate proteins
71
Extrons
regions used for translation regions that actually encode the information necessary to make protein
72
UTR
Untranslated region
73
Post-transcriptional Modification
ß-Globin gene will be transcribed completely intro a pre mRNA
74
Splicing
removal of introns from ß-Globin gene becoming an mRNA
75
RNA Molecules are necessary for use as:
genetic instructions for protein synthesis enzymes binding partners of RNAs in biologic processes regulatory molecules
76
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
bind amino acids and bring them to the ribosome for the synthesis of peptides
77
The most relative amount of RNA in a cell is?
rRNA \> tRNA \> mRNA
78
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
an RNA copy of the genetic information necessary to synthesize a protein
79
Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
double stranded RNAs which one strand is degraded and the other binds to mRNAs and targets them for destruction
80
Micro RNA (miRNA)
single stranded RNA which bind to mRNAs to inhibit their use as a template for protein synthesis
81
Small nuclear RNA particles
serve as many functions including splicing (Only in Eukaryotes)
82
SRP (signal recognition particle)
this RNA forms part of the partile that transports mRNAs to the endoplasmic reticulum (in Eukaryotes)
83
Codons
three nucleotides long and identifies a specific amino acid or a stop signal
84
How many stop codons are there?
three stops
85
Messages begin translation with what codon?
5' AUG 3'
86

BMB 401 (6 decks)

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