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BMB 401 > Exam 3 (Lectures 20-23) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Lectures 20-23) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 modes of regulation?

A

Availability of substrate

Product Inhibition

Competitive feedback by downstream intermediates

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2
Q

What is the purpose of TCA / Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle

A

to produce energy and building blocks (anabolic precursors)

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3
Q

What are the primary reactions in TCA / Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle?

A

Oxidation and Oxidative Decarboxylation

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4
Q

What are the reducing equivalents formed in TCA / Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle?

A

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 GTP

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5
Q

Citrate Synthase

A

dimer(each monomer has small and large domain)

oxaloacetate binds first that forms the Acetyl CoA binding pocket

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6
Q

Roles of Citrate in Metabolism

A

Intermedate in the TCA cycle (in mitochondria)

Activator of Fatty Acid Synthesis

Precursor of Cytoplasmic Acetyl CoA

Inhibitor of PFK1 (in cytoplasm)

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7
Q

Why is there 2 parts of isomerization in Reaction 2 of TCA Cycle?

A

to put the OH group in a better position for oxidation and CO2 release in the next step

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8
Q

Reaction 3 Regulation

A

rate limiting, sets the pace of TCA

Positive Regulation: ADP, NAD+, Mg+2 (Low energy conditions)

Negative Regulation: NADH and ATP (High energy conditions)

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9
Q

Whenever there is CoA, the next reaction is going to be?

A

a huge to do something big…

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10
Q

Reaction 4 Regulation

A

Negative Regulation: down regulated by ATP and product inhibition through NADH and Succinyl CoA

(High energy and product inhibition)

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11
Q

What powers the synthesis of GTP?

A

the release of CoA

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12
Q

Reaction 6 Regulation

A

Negative: FADH2 / FAD

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13
Q

Flavin ring in Succinate Dehydrogenase

A

is covalently attached

is imbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

is also part of the electron transport chain

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14
Q

Reaction 8 Regulation

A

Negative: high NADH / NAD+ ratio

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15
Q

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Regulation

A

High levels of ATP, acetyl CoA, and NADH = inhibition

Low energy and high conc of substrate will activate the complex (ADP and Pyruvate)

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16
Q

What is another way Citrate is used for?

A

to make fatter acids and sterols

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17
Q

What is another way α-Ketoglutarate used for?

A

to make Glutamate, other amino acids, and purines

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18
Q

What is another way Succinyl CoA is used for?

A

to make Porphyrins, heme, and chlorphyll

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19
Q

What is another way Oxaloacetate is used for?

A

to make Asparate, other amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines

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20
Q

Quantifying Electron Transfer Potential

A

ΔGo’ = - nFΔE’0

n = number of electrons

F = farraday’s constant (96.48 kJ/molV)

ΔE’0 = reduction potential

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21
Q

The more negative E is..

A

the greater the tendency to donate electrons

22
Q

Chemiosmotic Potential

A

causes protons to flow back into the mitochondrial matrix that turns the turbine-like molecular motor which helps to synthesize ATP

23
Q

What are the rotating components in the ATP Synthase?

A

c ring, gamma, and the epsilon

24
Q

What are the stationary components of ATP Synthase?

A

Stator: a, b2, delta

Hexameric Ring: alpha3 and beta3

25
Q

UCP-1 Regulation

A

in the body’s respond to cold, fatty acids will be broken down that upregulates UCP-1

26
Q

What is 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)?

A

a small compound in the production of TNT

takes protons directly from the intermembrane space to the matrix bypassing ATP synthase

Symptoms: high temp and lack of energy

27
Q

What poison blocks Complex I?

A

Rotenone - insecticide

Amytal - barbituate

28
Q

What poison blocks Complex III?

A

Antimycin A - antibiotic

29
Q

What poison blocks Complex IV?

A

CN-

H2S - sewer gas

CO

30
Q

What poison blocks ATP Synthase?

A

Oligomycin

31
Q

What happens when the poisons block the complexes?

A

Oxygen consumption by the mitochonrion will go down

32
Q

What happens when the poison blocks ATP Synthase?

A

Oxygen consumption remains the same for a while until the concentration of protons will be so great that the complexes will no longer be able to move protons against the gradient

33
Q

For NADH and FADH2 that enters the ETC, how many moles of ATP is produced?

A

1 NADH ≈ 2.5 mol ATP

1 FADH2 ≈ 1.5 mol ATP

34
Q

What is the net molecules of ATP from Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose

35
Q

What is the net molecule of ATP from TCA cycle?

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose

36
Q

Net Yield per molecule of Glucose?

A

Glycerol 3-P: 30 ATP

Malate-Asparate: 32 ATP

37
Q

Ends of Glycogen are…

A

non-reducing

38
Q

What are the primary storage sites for Glycogen?

A

skeletal muscles (2% by wt) and liver (10% by wt) stored as granules in the cytoplasm

39
Q

What does Glycogen Phosphorylase do to glycogen?

A

cleaves glucose through add of inorganic phosphate

phosphorylytic not hydrolytic reaction

40
Q

Pyrifoxal Phosphate

A

cofactor of Glycogen Phosphorylase and a B vitamin derivative

acts as an acid-base catalyst

41
Q

What are the two functions of the Debranching enzymes?

A

tranferase (transfers the remaining 3 glucose cell units to the end of a straight chain)

alpha-1,6-glucosidase (hydrolizes glucose from the branch point)

42
Q

What is the use of hexokinase in glycogen degredation?

A

to phosphorylate the freed glucose from the debranching enzyme so it stays in the cell and not leave through diffusion

43
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase cannot attack glucose cell residues that are any closer than…

A

4 residues away from an alpha 1,6 linkage branch point

44
Q

Glycogenin

A

a dimeric protein with alpha-1,4 linked oligosaccharides

used as a primer to initiate synthesis of new glycogen molecule

45
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase Regulation

A

has a tense and relaxed state where tense state is when the active site is partially blocked

Phosphorylase a is when enzymes are phosphorylated

Phosphorylase b is when enzymes are not phophorylated

46
Q

Phosphorylase a favors what state?

A

relaxed state and therefore more active

47
Q

Phosphorylase b is most often in what state?

A

tense state

48
Q

What is activated by epinephrine in the liver?

A

beta and alpha adrenergic receptors

49
Q

In muscles, high levels of AMP and low energy can cause..

A

AMP to bind to phosphorylase b’s nucleotide binding site and causes it to favor the relaxed state

50
Q

In liver, high levels of glucose can cause…

A

glucose to bind to phosphorylase a’s regulatory site favoring the tense state

51
Q
A

BMB 401 (6 decks)

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