Exam 3 (Lectures 24-26) Flashcards
(35 cards)
NAD+ is mainly used for…
oxidation that powers ATP synthesis
NADPH is used for…
reduction
able to reduce reactive oxygen species to remove them
NAD+ in the mitochondrial matrix
oxidizes substrates to produce reducing equivalents: NADH
happens in: TCA cycle and Fatty Acid Oxidation
NADH in the mitochondrial matrix
reduces electron carriers to power ATP synthesis
happens in: Electron Transport Chain
NADPH in the cytoplasm
reduces substrates in reductive synthetic reactions:
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Cholesterol Synthesis
Nucleotide Synthesis
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Oxidative)
Reaction 1 Regulation
High NADPH/NADP+ inhibits G6PD
Low NADPH/NADP+ activates G6PD
High need Ribose 5-P
Low need NADPH
products from glycolysis Fructose 5-P and GAP to make Ribose 5-P
If equal amounts of NADPH and Ribose 5-P is needed both at the same time…
Only oxidative PPP is used to make NADPH and Ribose 5-P
High need of NADPH
Low need Ribose 5-P
use both OPPP and non-OPPP then send products to gluconeogenesis to make more G6P for PPP
High need in NADPH and ATP
OPPP and non-OPPP are used and sent to glycolysis to make pyruvate + ATP then TCA cycle to make more ATP
Deficiency of Glucose 6-P Dehydrogenase
caused by x-linked genetic mutation
increase susceptibility to oxidative injury => Hemolytic Anemia (lysis of RBC)
Oxidative Challenges
Oxidative Drugs: antibiotics, antimalarials, fever reducers
Favism: hemolytic anemia precipitated by fava bean ingestion
Infection: peroxides are made in macrophages mobilized in reponse to infection
Favism
from fava beans that contain active oxidants (vicine & convicine)
may afford some protection from death from malarial infection
What is Triacylglycerol (fats)
high energy fuel preferred by Liver and Heart
fuel by skeletal muscles
yields greater than ATP per Glycogen
Where does the catabolism of dietary fats begin?
in the small intestine where bile salts are released after a meal
Where are Bile Salts synthesized, stored, and released?
Synthesized in the liver using cholesterol
stored in the gall bladder
released in to the small intestine
How many cycles are needed to break n-C Saturated Fatty Acid down completely to Acetyl CoA?
How many Acetyl CoA produced?
How many NADH and FADH2 produced?
N/2 - 1
N/2
N/2 - 1
Fatty Acid Synthesis Reaction 1 Regulation
positively regulated by citrate
negatively regulated by AMP
We can use Acetyl CoA to make…
fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol, CO2, H2O, ATP
Ketone bodies are preffered fuel for…
heart and renal cortex
can also be with brain under starvation condition
Ketone Bodies Synthesis
in the fasting state, the liver used Acetyl CoA to make ketone bodies
What are the ketone bodies?
acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate can be used to make acetyl CoA for TCA or other cells
acetone - excreted by breathing out or urine
What are the two sources of Cholesterol?
Dietary and indogenous produced by the liver
Rank the lipoproteins in increasing density
Chylomicron > VLDL > IDL > LDL > HDL
