Exam #1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Define anatomy
A
the bodily structure of organisms
2
Q
Define physiology
A
way in which a living organism or bodily part functions
3
Q
Define anatomy and physiology
A
the function of body parts and the body as a whole
4
Q
Describe the levels of organization
A
#1 Chemical #2 Cellular #3 Tissue #4 Organ #5 System #6 Organism
5
Q
Define homeostasis
A
tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
6
Q
What are the two mechanisms of regulation for homeostasis?
A
Auto-regulation: automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change (the body can divert blood (and thus, oxygen) where it is most needed.)
Extrinsic-regulation: responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems (When you are exercising, your NS
issues commands that increase
the HR so that blood will circulate
faster.)
7
Q
Define hydrophobic
A
repel or fail to mix with water
8
Q
Define hydrophilic
A
to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
9
Q
Define polar
A
one end of a molecule positive and one end negative
10
Q
Define nonpolar
A
molecule which has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed
11
Q
Define organic
A
compounds that contain carbon
12
Q
Define inorganic
A
compounds that do not contain carbon
13
Q
Define hydrolysis
A
H2O enters, breaking a bond (catabolic)
14
Q
Define dehydration synthesis
A
dehydrates, produces H2O and forms a bond (anabolic)
15
Q
Define catabolic
A
reactions that break down molecules in metabolism
16
Q
Define anabolic
A
synthesis of complex molecules
17
Q
Define hydrocarbon
A
compound of hydrogen and carbon
18
Q
Define denaturation
A
process where proteins and nucleic acids lose their quaternary, tertiary, or secondary structure.
often by external stressors like temp and pH
loss of function
19
Q
Define somatic cell
A
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells
20
Q
Define germ cell
A
a gamete, haploid
21
Q
Define ATPase
A
adenosine triphosphatease
enzyme that catalyzes ATP to ADP
22
Q
Define active transport
A
movement of molecules across a cell membrane from low to high concentration (energy used)
23
Q
Define passive transport
A
movement of molecules across a cell membrane from high to low (no energy needed)
24
Q
Define osmosis
A
passive transport of water
25
Define facilitated diffusion
passive transport of solutes by carrier proteins
26
Define simple diffusion
specific molecules passively permeate a membrane
27
Define tonicity
the state of a solution in respect of osmotic pressure
28
Define osmolarity
number of solute particles per liter
29
Define hypertonic
less solvent than solute when compared to another solution
30
Define hypotonic
more solvent than solute when compared to another solution
31
Define isotonic
equal solute to solvent between two solutions
32
Define sodium-potassium pump
active transport
carrier mediated
sodium ions in
potassium ions out
33
Define endergonoic
stores energy in bonds (anabolic)
34
Define exergonic
release energy as bonds are broken (catabolic)
35
Define phosphorylation
adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
36
Explain oxidative phosphorylation
oxidation of NADH/FADH necessary to phosphorylate ADP resulting in ATP
37
Cell physiology
process within and between cells
38
Organ physiology
functions of specific organs
39
Systematic physiology
functions of an organ system
40
Pathological physiology
effects of diseases
41
Define superior
upper
42
Define inferior
lower
43
Define anterior
front
44
Define posterior
back
45
Define ventral
front
46
Define dorsal
back
47
Define medial
center
48
Define lateral
side
49
Define proximal
closer to trunk
50
Define distal
away from trunk
51
Define superficial
surface
52
Define Ipsilateral
same side
53
Define contralateral
other side
54
Define supine
laying down face up
55
Define prone
laying down face down
56
What are the abdominal pelvic quadrants?
right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower
57
What are the abdominal pelvic regions?
right/left hypochondriac region
epigastric region
(R: liver L: stomach)
right/left lumbar region
umbilical region
(large and small intestine)
right/left inguinal region
hypogastric region
(small intestine, bladder, appendix)
58
Identify and describe the sectional planes
frontal plane: front to back
sagittal plane: lefty and right
transverse: superior and inferior
59
Functions of body cavities
protect organs from accidental shock
permits change in size and shape of organs
60
Serous membranes
have two layers
parietal layer lines cavity (wall)
visceral layer covers organ (around)
61
Heart serous membrane
visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
62
Abdominal serous membrane
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
63
Lung serous membrane
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
pleural cavity
64
What divides the ventral body cavity?
diaphragm
65
What is the mediastinum?
thoracic cavity
upper portion contains blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
lower portion contains pericardial cavity (heart)
66
Major elements of human body
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
67
Define compound
two or more different atoms bound together (NaCl)
68
Define molecule
two or more similar atoms bound together (O2, H2)
69
What are the types of chemical bonds?
covalent: sharing of electrons equally, non-polar -- or unequally, polar
ionic: transfer of valence shell electron (opposite charges attract)
hydrogen
70
Define ion
atoms with transferred electrons
71
Define anion
neg. charged ion
72
Define cation
pos. charged ion
73
Define adhesion
sticking to a surface
74
Define coheasion
sticking to itself
75
What are the four classes of biological molecules?
carbs
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
76
What are the classes of lipids?
triglycerides: store energy
phospholipids: component of cell membranes (polar head, non-polar tail)
steroids: hormones and cholesterol
77
Function of HDLs and LDLs
high and low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol in human beings
78
Describe proteins
long chains of amino acids
20 types of amino acids
peptide bonds
79
Four levels of protein structure
primary - linear shape, sequencing of amino acids, peptide bonds
secondary - hydrogen bonds shape amino acids into a helix
tertiary - folding of the helix by hydrogen bonds (functional), coiled globular
quaternary - individual polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds, hemoglobial
80
Function of enzymes
facilitate biochemical reactions
shape of specialized proteins is dependent on temperature, pH, ion concentration, presence of inhibitors
81
Relationship between pH and [H+]
as [H+] increases, acidity increases (low pH)
as [H+] decreases, alkalinity increases (high pH)
82
What power is the pH scale to?
10x each number
pH 5 has 10x more H+ than pH 6
83
Discuss how changes in blood pH can disrupt homeostasis
pH change damage tissue
slight change in pH can be fatal
pH regulated by liver and kidneys
buffers help reduce change in pH
84
What is DNA and its function?
deoxyribonucleic acid
determines inherited characteristics
directs protein synthesis
controls enzyme production
controls metabolism
85
What is RNA and its function?
ribonucleic acid
controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
86
Difference in nucleic acids between RNA and DNA
T = U
87
Types of RNA and their function
messenger: carries DNA code to ribosome
transfer: brings amino acids to ribosome
ribosomal: makes up ribosome and synthesizes proteins
88
Cell theory
cells are the smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions
89
What is ECF
extracellular fluid
solution that
90
Factors influencing diffusion
distance particle has to move
molecule size
temperature
concentration gradient
electrical forces
91
Define cytoplasm
all material inside the cell and outside the nucleus
92
Define cytosol
intracellular fluid
nutrients, ions, proteins, waste
93
Define organelles
structures inside a cell with specific functions
94
Describe the head of a phospholipid
polar
hydrophilic
lipophobic
95
Describe the tail of a phospholipid
non-polar
hydrophobic
lipophilic
96
What are you expected to draw for the plasma membrane?
phospholipid heads/tails
transmembrane protein
peripheral protein
integral protein
ECF
ICF
97
What's the function of the cytoskeleton?
to provide shape and structure to a cell
98
Describe microtubules
made of tubulin protein
attach to centrosome
anchor organelles
99
Define metabolism
all chemical reactions in an organism
100
Define energetics
flow of energy and its changes from one form to another
101
Define cellular metabolism
all chemical reactions within cells
provides energy to maintain homeostasis
102
What is glycogen?
branches chain of glucose
abundant storage carbohydrate
stored in liver and muscles
103
What are triglycerides?
abundant storage lipids
fatty acids
104
What is cellular respiration and what are its stages?
the harvesting of energy from food
1. glycolysis
2. citric acid cycle
3. electron transport chain
105
What is oxidation?
the loss of electron
106
What is reduction?
the gain of electron
107
What are coenzymes?
used in oxidation
NAD+ and FAD+
remove hydrogen atoms from organic substrates
108
What is NAD+?
electron carrier that accepts hydrogen to become NADH
used in oxidation
109
What are the phases of carbohydrate metabolism?
energy investment
energy harvest
110
DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS DURING GLYCOLYSIS
first stage of cellular respiration
does not require oxygen
one glucose is split into two pyruvate
uses 2 ATP
produces 4 ATP
produces 2 NADH
111
What is crenation?
cell loss of water through osmosis
112
What is hemolysis?
destruction of red blood cells
113
What is vesicular transport?
moving particles through the membrane in vesicles
114
What is endocytosis?
phagocytosis: engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome
pinocytosis: small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination
receptor mediated: specific molecules are ingested into the cell
115
What is exocytosis?
contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
116
What is osmotic pressure?
force that moves water as a result of the solute concentration
117
What's the monomer and polymer for carbohydrates?
monomer: monosaccharide
polymer: polysaccaride
118
What's the monomer and polymer for lipids?
monomer: fatty acids
polymer: triglyceride
119
What's the monomer and polymer for proteins?
monomer: amino acids
polymer: polypeptide
120
What's the monomer and polymer for nucleic acid?
monomer: nucleotides
polymer: polynucleotide
121
What is the net ATP produced in glycolysis?
2
122
What is the net ATP produced in the CAC
2
123
What is the first stage of cellular respiration? Where does it take place?
glycolysis, cytosol
124
what are the two steps in glycolysis?
energy investment
energy harvest
125
How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?
2
126
How many FADH2 is produced in glycolysis?
0
127
What is the final product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvates
128
What is the second stage of cellular respiration? Where does it take place?
citric acid cycle, mitochondria matrix
129
What is the intermediate step in cellular respiration? how much ATP is produced?
Acetyl-CoA
0
130
How many NADH are produced in the intermediate step in cellular respiration?
2
131
How many FADH is produced in the intermediate step in cellular respiration?
0
132
How many NADH are produced during the citric acid cycle?
8
133
How many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?
2
134
What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2?
carry electrons
135
Where are NADH and FADH2 used?
the ETC
| electron transport chain
136
How many ATP are produced for each NADH used in ETC?
3
137
How many ATP are produced for each FADH2 used in ETC?
2
138
How many total ATP are produced from all the NADH from one glucose in ETC?
30
139
How many total ATP are produced from all the FADH2 from one glucose in ETC?
4
140
Describe the stages of mitosis
interphase: chromatin replicates
prophase: chromosomes form
prometaphase: chromosomes attack to spindle fibers
metaphase: chromosomes align at center
anaphase: chromosomes separate into chromatid
telophase: nucleus regenerates
141
What is beta-oxidation?
fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA
142
What is lipolysis?
breakdown of lipids and involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids
