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BIO 171 prof. Evans > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of epithelial tissue? Where are they located?

A

covering and lining epithelia (on external & internal surfaces)

glandular epithelia (secretory tissue in glands)

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2
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells that serve a function

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3
Q

what is cell polarity in epithelial tissue?

A

apical (upper, free) & basal (lower, attached)

apical – microvilli (intestinal lining) or cilia (trachea lining)

basal – noncellular lamina of glycoprotein

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4
Q

is epithelial tissue closely/loosely packed cells? what junctions?

A

closely packed

tight junctions and desmosomes

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5
Q

what does vascular / avascular mean?

A

vascular: with veins, with blood supply
avascular: no veins, no blood supply

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6
Q

does epithelial tissue have a low or high rate of regeneration?

A

epithelial has a high rate of regeneration

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7
Q

in what order do you name epithelial tissue?

A

layer, name

e.g. simple squamous

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8
Q

describe simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells

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9
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

allows passage of materials by diffusion & filtration where protection isn’t important

secretes lube in serosae (ventral body cavity lining)

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10
Q

where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

kidneys

air sacs of lungs

lining of heart

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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11
Q

describe simple cuboid epithelium

A

single layer of cube-like cells

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12
Q

what is the function of simple cuboid epithelium?

A

secretion & absorbtion

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13
Q

where can you find simple cuboid epithelium?

A

kidney tubules

ducts and secretory portions of small glands

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14
Q

describe simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells

might have cilia

might contain mucus secreting unicellular glands

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15
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

absorption

secretion of mucus

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16
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

A

digestive tract

gallbladder

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17
Q

describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells where not all of them reach the free surface (top)

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18
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion, especially mucus

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19
Q

where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

upper respiratory tract

trachea

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20
Q

describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of several dead cell layers

keratin

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21
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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22
Q

where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

epidermis of the skin

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23
Q

what does a goblet cell do?

A

generates mucin, which makes mucous

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24
Q

what are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine: no ducts (eg. hormones released into ECF)
exocrine: ducts (e.g. sweat, mucous)

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25
describe transitional epithelium
looks like stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal surface cells dome/flatten depending on the organ stretching
26
what is the function of transitional epithelium?
accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ
27
where can you find transitional epithelium?
urinary bladder uterus
28
what is the cutaneous membrane?
the skin that covers the surface of the body
29
what is the muceous membrane?
lines the organ cavity that are open to the exterior e.g. lungs and esophagus
30
what are serous membranes?
line body cavities closed to the exterior secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement
31
what is a gland?
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid site of product release
32
what is the function of muscle tissue?
allows for movement in the body
33
what composes muscle tissue?
made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers (actin and myosin)
34
ID skeletal muscle: type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location
long, cylindrical multinucleate striations present voluntary control - facial expression, manipulation of environment skeletal muscles, attached to bones or skin
35
ID cardiac muscle: type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location
branching uninucleate striations present involuntary control - propels blood to circulate as it contracts the walls of the heart
36
ID smooth muscle: type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location
spindle-shaped uninucleate striations not present involuntary control - propels substances or objects along internal passageways walls of hollow organs
37
what's the function of glial cells?
surround and support neurons maintain homeostasis, form myelin
38
what causes MS (multiple sclerosis)
degeneration of myelin sheath
39
what is the function of the myelin sheath?
insulates and enables communication through the axon of a neuron
40
what is the function of nervous tissue neurons?
communication between cells through sensory input
41
what are the two major cell types of nervous tissue neurons?
glial cells -- surround and support neurons, maintain homeostasis, form myelin neurons -- process and transmit information electrically
42
what is the function of dendrites?
carry information toward the cell body
43
what is the function of axons?
carry information away from the cell body
44
describe organs
structures consisting of multiple tissue types organized to perform a specific function
45
describe organ systems
groups of organs performing related functions
46
what are the major regions of skin?
epidermis -- superficial region dermis -- middle region hypodermis -- deepest region
47
describe epidermis: cell type, cells, vascular/nonvascular
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium cells keratinocytes -- produce fibrous protein keratin melanocytes -- produce melanin pigment (10-15% in lower epidermis) avascular
48
How long does it take for an epidermal cell to move from the bottom layer to the top layer?
2 weeks
49
Briefly describe how epidermal cells are regenerated
cuboidal cells undergo mitosis at the base new cells are pushed and flattened toward the surface new epidermal cells produce keratin cells die on the outermost layer filled with keratin
50
what pigments contribute to skin color?
melanin -- yellow/red-brown to black. produced in melanocytes carotene -- yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles hemoglobin -- pinkish hue
51
describe dermis
strong, flexible connective tissue supplies nourishment to epidermis vascular oil and sweat glands hair follicles fat tissue nerves connective tissue
52
what are the layers of the epidermis?
stratum corneum -- dead cells filled with keratin stratum granulosum -- flattened cells w/ deteriorating organelles stratum spinosum -- cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin stratum basale -- cells are actively mitotic stem cells
53
what is the superficial layer of the dermis called? describe it
papillary layer blood supply areolar connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels forms fingerprints
54
what is the deep layer of the dermis called? describe it
reticular layer dense irregular tissue contains 80% thickness of dermis collagen fibers, strength and resiliency elastic fibers, stretch-recoil properties hair follicles associated with stretch marks
55
what is the subcutaneous layer?
in the hypodermis loose connective tissue packed with adipose cells stabilizes position of skin
56
what are the different needle injection sites?
transdermal 0.05mL (allergy shot) subcutaneous 1.00mL (insulin, heparin) intramuscular (steroids)
57
what is the function of hair?
protection thermoregulation sensory
58
which gland produces oil/wax?
sebaceous associated with hair follicles maintains pliability of skin
59
which gland produces sweat?
suderiferous maintains body temp
60
which gland secretes milk?
mammary glands
61
which gland is found in your ear and produces wax?
ceruminous
62
what are the functions of skin?
protection temperature regulation sensation chemical compound storage excretion of waste synthesis of compounds
63
what is the vascular phenomena that happens when you sweat and need to conserve heat
vasodialation -- when sweating to lose heat vasoconstriction -- when cold and to preserve heat
64
what is the ABCD rule? ***
asymmetry -- two sides of the area don't match border -- has indentations color -- black/brown/tan/red/blue diameter -- larger than 6mm ( > pencil eraser)
65
what are the degrees of burns?
1° -- redness, epidermis 2° -- blistering, dermis 3° -- all three layers, no pain
66
what is skin pathology?
study of disease state of tissue on the cellular level
67
what causes wrinkles on the skin?
loss/degeneration of collagen and elastin (w/ aging)
68
what are the subclasses of connective tissue?
loose connective tissue: - areolar - adipose - reticular dense connective tissue: - regular - irregular - elastic
69
what are the subclasses of cartilage?
- hyaline - elastic - fibrocartilage
70
what are the subclasses for bone tissue?
- compact bone | - spongey bone
71
what is the tissue of origin for connective tissue?
mesenchyme
72
does connective tissue have varying degrees of vascularity?
yes
73
what separates cells in connective tissue?
extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
74
-blasts are cells which...
are mitotically active and secretory (young)
75
-cytes are cells which...
are matured cells
76
what are the types of fibers and their function?
collagen (white fibers) - most abundant - strongest - provides tensile strength elastic - long, thin elastin fibers - allow stretching reticular - short, fine, branched - collagenous fibers
77
what is ground substance?
a medium for solutes to diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
78
name the three main types of connective tissue
fibrous supportive fluid
79
what are the fibrotic connective tissues?
loose: fascia, adipose fiberscells
80
what does fibrous connective tissue do?
covers and allows organs to expand
81
where are osteocytes located?
in the lacuna
82
what promotes bones health?
nutrition - provides important constituents (e.g. calcium) exercise - adapt to stress hormones - build and maintain density
83
what is the optimal blood calcium level?
8.5-11 mg/dl
84
what is the purpose of regulation of bone growth by mechanical stress?
strengthen bone
85
what is the purpose of regulation of bone growth by hormonal feedback?
maintain calcium homeostasis
86
what is osteomyelitis?
inflammation of bone and surrounding muscle
87
what is osteoporosis?
reduction in bone mass, chemical composition remains normal
88
what is gigantism?
excess of growth hormone before epiphyseal plates are ossified
89
what is osteomalacia (rickets)?
reduction in bone mass, chemical composition is abnormal
90
what is the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalacia?
osteoporosis has normal chemical composition osteomalacia has abnormal chemical composition
91
what is acromegaly?
excessive growth hormone after epiphyseal plates are ossified
92
what is pituitary dwarfism?
deficit of growth hormone
93
What is bone?
matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate crystals
94
where are osteocytes?
found in lacunae in concentric rings
95
what is contained by the central canal in bones?
blood vessels and nerves
96
what are the tiny canals that link lacunae with one another and the central canal?
canaliculi
97
what is the fluid connective tissue made of?
fluid matrix (plasma) - red blood cells - white blood cells - platelets
98
what do red blood cells do?
carry oxygen
99
what do white blood cells do?
immunity, fight infection
100
what do platelets do?
clot blood
101
what is osseous tissue?
dense and supportive connective tissue produces solid matrix of calcium deposits around collagen fibers
102
what is the most common cartilage?
hyalin
103
what are the four types of cells that make up bones?
osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts osteogenic
104
function of an osteocyte?
maintain bone tissue
105
function of an osteoblast?
forms bone matrix builds bone and becomes osteocyte
106
function of osteogenic cells?
stem cells
107
function of osteoclast?
breaks down bone (resorbs)
108
how do osteoblasts turn into osteocytes? *
osteoblasts get trapped in calcified bone matrix, calcify, and turn into osteocytes.
109
structure of dense matrix of bone tissue?
deposits of calcium salts osteocytes within lacunae around blood vessels
110
function of canaliculi & volksman canal?
form pathways for blood vessels exchange nutrients and wastes
111
function of periosteum
extra reinforcement wherever tendons attach covers outer surfaces of bones consists of out fibrous and inner cellular layers
112
function of endosteum?
to prevent the bone from becoming unnecessarily thick, osteoclasts resorb the bone from the endosteal side covers inside surface of bones consists of only inner cellular layer
113
how many layers does the endosteum have?
one
114
how many layers does the periosteum have?
two layers cellular - inner fibrous - outer
115
what is the function of tendons?
attach muscle to bone
116
what is an osteon?
the basic unit of compact bone
117
what is a circumferential lammellae?
lamellae wrapped around long bone binds osteons together
118
does spongy bone have osteons?
no, osteons are only found in long bone
119
what the matrix of the matrix of spongy bone called?
trabeculae
120
does the trabeculae have blood vessels?
no, the trabeculae is avascular
121
what is the space between the trabeculae filled with? what's its purpose?
red bone marrow has blood vessels forms red blood cells supplies nutrients to osteocytes
122
where is yellow marrow found? what's its function?
found in some bones, spongy bone hold yellow marrow it stores fat
123
does spongy bone have central canals?
no, and it doesn't have osteons
124
when do bones in humans stop growing?
25 years
125
what is osteogenesis?
bone formation
126
what is ossification?
the process of replacing other tissues with bone
127
what is calcification? when does it happen?
the depositing of calcium salts during bone ossification
128
what are the two main forms of ossification?
endochondral ossification - cartilage/long bone intramembranous ossification - skull bones/flat bone
129
what is the spongy bone in the skull called?
diploé
130
what are the four steps of growing long bone? where does it occur?
within epiphyseal plate 1. proliferation chondroblasts -> chondrocytes 2. hypertrophic growth 3. calcification to form osteoblasts 4. completion of ossification
131
what would cause premature closure of the growth plate?
irregular estrogen or lack of growth hormone
132
describe bone nutrition / blood supply to bones *
1. nutrient artery & vein - single pair of large blood vessels - enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen 2. metaphyseal vessels - supply the epiphyseal cartilage - where bone growth occurs - growth plate 3. periosteal vessels - blood to superficial osteons - secondary ossification occurs
133
what is the process of bone remodeling?
bone continually remodels, recycles, and replaces osteoblast activity outpaces osteoclast activity and bones become larger and thicker as a child grows as the body ages, osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity resulting in fragile bones
134
what is bone homeostasis?
osteoclast and osteoblast activity dynamically at balance remodeling is the process of creating new bone and removing old bone
135
what is the function of the PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
PTH causes the body to put more calcium into the blood
136
what is the function of calcitonin?
opposes PTH activity
137
what are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1. osteoblasts secrete bone 2. degeneration of catilage 3. vascular invasion 4. brings in nutrients and cells 5. epiphyseal plate forms 6. growth of long bone
138
how do fractures occur?
when force on bone is greater than the force the bone can withstand
139
what's the difference between open/closed fractures?
simple closed fractures don't break the skin while open compound fractures do
140
what is granulation tissue? *
indicator of how well something is healing
141
function of caniculae
connects nutrients from canal to the cells
142
what cells make up skin?
kerinocytes
143
what are the four main tissue types?
epithelial tissue (covering and lining & glandular) connective tissue (loose and fibrous) nervous tissue (neurons and glial) muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
144
what is a desmosome?
junction, by which two adjacent cells are attached
145
what is a tight junction?
junction where there's no gap between two cells that would normally be there otherwise
146
what causes wrinkles?
loss of collagen and elastin
147
what are the type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location of each muscle
skeletal: - long, cylindrical - multinucleate - striations present - voluntary control - facial expression, manipulation of environment - skeletal muscles, attached to bones or skin smooth muscle: - spindle-shaped - uninucleate - striations not present - involuntary control - propels substances or objects along internal passageways - walls of hollow organs cardiac muscle: - branching - uninucleate - striations present - involuntary control - propels blood to circulate as it contracts - the walls of the heart

BIO 171 prof. Evans (12 decks)

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