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BIO 171 prof. Evans > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the lines of defense that the respiratory system has throughout the upper and lower respiratory tract.

A
  • Mucous cells and mucous glands
    • Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
  • Cilia
    • Sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
  • Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
  • Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs
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2
Q

identify in chronological order the flow of air through the structures of the respiratory system starting with the intake through the external nares (nose) to the alveoli.

A
  • external nares (nostrils)
  • internal nares
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
  • terminal bronchi
  • respiratory bronchi
  • alveoli
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3
Q

Identify the structures that comprise the upper and lower respiratory division.

A 
upper:
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx

// larynx //

lower:
larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli
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4
Q

describe the pharynx

A

chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems

extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus

Divided into three parts

  • The nasopharynx
  • The oropharynx
  • The laryngopharynx
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5
Q

describe the nose

A

Air enters the respiratory system

  • Through nostrils or external nares
  • Into nasal vestibule

Nasal hairs

  • Are in nasal vestibule
  • Are the first particle filtration system
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6
Q

describe the nasal cavity

A

The nasal septum
- Divides nasal cavity into left and right

Superior portion of nasal cavity is the olfactory region
- Provides sense of smell

Mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears
- Clean and moisten the nasal cavity

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7
Q

name the three types of cartilages in the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis

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8
Q

describe thyroid cartilage

A

forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx

the laryngeal prominence is the Adam’s apple

ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

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9
Q

describe cricoid cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

forms posterior of larynx

articulates with arytenoid cartilage

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10
Q

describe the epiglottis

A

composed of elastic cartilage

folds back over the glottis

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11
Q

describe the larynx

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect:

  • The glottis
  • The entrance to trachea

During swallowing:

  • The larynx is elevated
  • The epiglottis folds back over glottis
  • Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract
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12
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A

Superior portion of pharynx

Contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes

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13
Q

describe the oropharynx

A

Middle portion of pharynx

Communicates with oral cavity

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14
Q

describe the laryngopharynx

A

Inferior portion of pharynx

Extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx and esophagus

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15
Q

what’s the difference between the glottis and epiglottis?

A

the glottis is used in sound production, as air passes through and vibrates the vocal cords

the epiglottis is the “guardian of the airways” and forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow. This closes off the respiratory passageways to incoming food and drink

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16
Q

what are the incomplete rings of cartilage in the larynx

A

tracheal cartilage, allow for expansion of the esophagus

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17
Q

what are vestibular folds? how are they arranged? how does the larynx function as the human voicebox? what else influences final sound production?

A

upper false vocal cords

lower true vocal cords

vibrate with expelled air for speech

(vocal cords are attached to the arytenoid cartilages by vocal ligaments)

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of lungs

A

in the left and right pleural cavities

inferior portion rests on the diaphragm

lobes are separated by fissures

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19
Q

what are fissures?

A

fissures separate the lobes of the lungs

right lung has three lobes and two fissures (superior, middle, inferior)

left lung has two lobes and one fissure (superior, inferior)

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20
Q

which lung is wider and which is longer?

A

right lung is wider

left lung is longer

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21
Q

what are the components of the respiratory bronchial tree starting with the trachea and ending with the alveoli in the pulmonary lobules?

A 
trachea
primary bronchus
secondary bronchus
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli in pulmonary lobule
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22
Q

what composes the respiratory and conducting zones?

A

the respiratory zones are: alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

the conducting zones are everything from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

what is surfactant’s physiological importance?

A

oily secretion

contains phospholipids and proteins

coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension

lack of surfactant = alveolar collapse

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24
Q

external and internal respiration.

A

external:
- all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment

internal:

  • result of cellular respiration
  • involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells
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25
distinguish between atmospheric, intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) and intra-pleural pressure.
normal atmospheric pressure: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar): - relative to atmospheric pressure - difference between atmospheric pressure is about -1 -> +1 mm Hg - max -30 mm Hg to +100 mm Hg intra-pleural: - pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura - below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle - avg. -4 mm Hg
26
components of air movement?
diaphragm: - contraction moves air to lungs - 75% of air movement intercostal muscles: - 25% of air movement
27
what is Boyle's Law and what is the relationship to the direction of airflow during pulmonary ventilation?
defines relationship between gas pressure and volume rate of diffusion depends on physical and gas laws P = 1/V
28
how does surface tension influence pulmonary ventilation?
increased smooth muscle tension affects airway constriction and resistance
29
how does compliance influence pulmonary ventilation?
indicator of expandibility low compliance requires more force high compliance requires less force levels of surfactant affects compliance
30
what is respiratory rate? what's the avg. value? how is it related to tidal volume?
adapts to changing oxygen demands by varying: - number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate) - volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume) 500mL amount of air moved per minute Is calculated by: respiratory rate * tidal volume
31
what is the Respiratory Minute Volume (VE) ? what's the avg. value? what's the formula?
measures pulmonary ventilation amount of air moved per minute Is calculated by: respiratory rate * tidal volume
32
[T/F] is respiratory minute volume the same as pulmonary ventilation?
yes respiratory minute volume = pulmonary ventilation
33
what is the difference between respiratory minute volume (pulmonary ventilation) and alveolar ventilation?
pulmonary ventilation is the amount of air moved per minute alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute: (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate
34
what is alveolar ventilation?
the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute: | (tidal volume - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate
35
what is Tidal Volume (VT)?
amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single breath
36
what is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
volume of a normal inspiration Inspiratory capacity: Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
37
what is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
volume of a normal exhalation
38
what is Residual Volume?
maximal exhalation
39
what is Minimal Volume?
the minimal volume needed to support the structure of your lung that always stays there no matter how much you exhale
40
what is Inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
41
what is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
42
what is Vital Capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
43
what is Total Lung Capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
44
where does filtration occur? what does it do?
Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
45
what is secretion?
to put something into filtrate out of blood
46
what is reabsorption?
take from filtrate put into blood
47
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
48
what does the loop of henle (nephron loop) do?
conserves water and forms concentrated urine
49
what does the distal convoluted tubule do?
secretion (of ions, acids, drugs, toxins) reabsorbs water, sodium, calcium
50
what does the collecting duct do? what ions?
variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption/secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarb ions
51
what is cotransport?
two substances transported together across a membrane by one protein
52
what is countertransport?
one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the opposite direction
53
what do podocytes do?
form the filtration slits of the renal glomerulus cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around the capillaries the Bowman's capsule filters blood
54
what is the renal threshold?
the plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine
55
what is normal physiological pH?
7.35 - 7.45
56
how does the body maintain normal physiological pH?
buffers and respiration
57
what is hypoventilation? what is the result?
abnormally low respiration rate allows for CO2 buildup in blood and hypercapnia
58
what is hyperventilation? what is the result?
excessive ventilation leads to low PCO2 and hypocapnia
59
what is the formula for the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?
CO2 // (CO2 & H2O) // (H2CO3) carb // (HCO3) bicarb // (Na & HCO3) // NaHCO3 sodium bicarb
60
what causes metabolic acidosis?
bicarbonate loss impaired hydrogen excretion at kidneys
61
how do the kidneys lower/increase blood pH
Secrete H+ out of blood reabsorb H+ into blood
62
how does bicarbonate buffer affect our blood
bicarb ions interact with H+ in a solution to form H2CO3 carbonate (removing H+/acid from blood)
63
what does an elevated HCO3 bicarbonate concentration result in?
metabolic alkalosis
64
what is the formula for bicarbonate?
HCO3-
65
what is the formula for carbonate?
H2CO3
66
what does atrial natriuretic peptides do?
released by heart in response to stretching walls due to increased blood volume or pressure reduces blood pressure
67
what is metabolic alkalosis?
caused by elevates HCO3 [ ] bicarbs interact with H+ forming H2CO3 reduced H+ causes alkalosis
68
What does the descending and ascending limb of the nephron loop do?
descending: reabsorption of water ascending: reabsorption of sodium and chloride
69
organization of the respiratory membrane
1. Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus 2. Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary 3. Fused basement membranes between the alveolar and endothelial cells
70
blood supply (pulmonary and systemic circulation) and general pressure in lungs
``` right ventricle pulmonary arteries capillary beds of lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta capillary beds of body tissues venae cavae right atrium right ventricle ```

BIO 171 prof. Evans (12 decks)

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