Exam 1

Question 1

What is the basic structural unit of a muscle?

Answer 1

Muscle Fiber (Cell)

Question 2

Which connective tissue structure surrounds an individual muscle fiber?

Answer 2

Endomysium

Question 3

Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles known as ___.

Answer 3

Fasciculi

Question 4

Which structure surrounds a fasciculi: endomysium, perimysium, or epimysium?

Answer 4

Perimysium

Question 5

Which connective tissue structure continues as the tendon of a muscle?

Answer 5

Epimysium

Question 6

T/F: Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Which of the following is an increase in the size of a muscle: hypotrophy, hypertrophy, hypoplasia, hyperplasia?

Answer 7

Hypertrophy

Question 8

Which fiber type is associated with endurance activities and aerobic metabolism?

Answer 8

Type 1

Question 9

Which fiber type has more capillary beds and more mitochondria?

Answer 9

Type 1

Question 10

Type II muscle fibers use ____ metabolism.

Answer 10

anaerobic

Question 11

Type __ are considered “fast twitch” muscles.

Answer 11

Type II

Question 12

What is the name of the muscle cell membrane?

Answer 12

Sarcolemma

Question 13

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 13

Store and transport calcium ions

Question 14

What protein pigment gives color to muscle and stores the oxygen needed for the muscle?

Answer 14

Myoglobin

Question 15

What is the smallest functional unit of the myofibril?

Answer 15

Sarcomere (Z-line to Z-line)

Question 16

What is the thin, dark line down the center of each H-band: I-band, A-band, M-band, or Z-line?

Answer 16

M-band (M=middle)

Question 17

Actin is found mainly in the _-bands and myosin is found mainly in the _-bands.

Answer 17

Actin=I-band

Myosin=A-band

Question 18

What are the 2 regulatory proteins inhibit the interaction of actin and myosin?

Answer 18

Troponin & Tropomyosin

Question 19

Calcium binds with which regulatory molecule?

Answer 19

Troponin

Question 20

Where does the aerobic pathway take place?

Answer 20

Mitochondria

Question 21

Which pathway prefers to utilize creatine phosphate and glycogen?

Answer 21

Anaerobic pathway

Question 22

What two benefits may the use of caffeine provide for athletes?

Answer 22

Burn fatty acids more efficiently (aerobic pathway)

Increase calcium permeability

Question 23

Which type of anabolic steroid has fewer side effects but is detectable for a longer period of time?

Answer 23

Oil-based

Question 24

What are some short term side effects of anabolic steroid use?

Answer 24

Headaches, dizziness, nausea,
back-acne
testicular atrophy
increased aggressiveness
gynecomastia
tendon damage

Question 25

What is the chemical composition of muscle?

Answer 25

75% water 20% protein 5% other

Question 26

A single motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers which it supplies is known as the ___ __.

Answer 26

Motor unit

Question 27

T/F: Precision type of activities contain motor units with fewer number of fibers.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Question 29

Which enzyme recycles acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 29

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHe)

Question 30

Which autoimmune disease destroys ACH receptor sites?

Answer 30

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 31

T/F: Nicotine & snake venom both compete with ACH molecules and produce an action potential.

Answer 31

False: Nicotene can produce an action potential but snake venom cannot!

Question 32

What do organophosphates inactivate leading to constant muscle contraction?

Answer 32

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 33

T/F: Intrafusal muscle fibers have both afferent & efferent nerve fibers.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Extrafusal muscle fibers only have afferent or efferent nerves associated with them?

Answer 34

ONLY efferent

Question 35

What do Golgi tendon organs detect?

Answer 35

Stretch of the tendon

Question 36

What are Sharpey's fibers?

Answer 36

Portions of collagen fibers of a tendon or ligament that penetrate into the bone giving a firm attachment site

Question 37

What is an avulsion fracture?

Answer 37

When a fragment of bone is pulled out with the collagen fibers

Question 38

Tendons have only ___ innervation.

Answer 38

Afferent; there is no motor function to tendons

Question 39

Endurance muscles usually have which type of muscle fiber arrangement?

Answer 39

Pennate

Question 40

Type II muscles generally are arranged in which fashion: pennate or parallel?

Answer 40

Parallel (aka Strap)

Question 41

A muscle that produces the opposite effect from the agonist is known as the ___.

Answer 41

Antagonist

Question 42

What is reciprocal innervation?

Answer 42

When a muscle contracts and the antagonist simultaneously relaxes

Question 43

____ Phenomenon occurs in a newborn when both agonists and antagonists contract at the same time.

Answer 43

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

Question 44

What 2 bones make up the shoulder girdle?

Answer 44

Scapula & Clavicle

Question 45

What are the 3 unique facts about the clavicle?

Answer 45

1. Undergoes both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 2. First bone to start ossifying (5th-6th wk of development) 3. One of last to complete ossification (about 25 y.o.)

Question 46

Where is the clavicle most frequently fractured?

Answer 46

First curvature

Question 47

Which condition has abnormal ossification of the clavicle and skull bones, potentially even missing clavicles?

Answer 47

Cleidocranial dysostosis

Question 48

How many ossification centers does the scapula have?

Answer 48

7; 1 primary and 6 secondary

Question 49

__ ___ is when the acromion process fails to fuse with the rest of the bone.

Answer 49

Os Acromidae

Question 50

What is Sprengel's Deformity?

Answer 50

Undescended scapula due to it's attachment to cervical vertebra.

Question 51

The mammary glands are superficial to which muscles?

Answer 51

Pectoralis major | Serratus Anterior

Question 52

What is the space where a small drop of milk can accumulate near the end of the lactiferous duct?

Answer 52

Lactiferous sinus

Question 53

How many lobes are in each mammary gland?

Answer 53

15-20 lobes

Question 54

__ & __ are hormones secreted by the ovaries and placenta.

Answer 54

Estrogen & Progesterone

Question 55

Where is prolactin secreted from and what is it's action?

Answer 55

Anterior pituitary; promotes milk production after birth

Question 56

Where is oxytocin secreted from and what is it's action?

Answer 56

Posterior pituitary; promotes the release of milk

Question 57

What are the 1st secretions from the functional mammary gland?

Answer 57

Colostrum

Question 58

Which contains the most immunoglobulins: colostrum, transitional milk, or mature milk?

Answer 58

Colostrum

Question 59

When are inverted nipples concerning?

Answer 59

If it's recent; could be indicative of carcinoma pulling on the ducts.

Question 60

What is galactorrhea?

Answer 60

Secretions from the breast that is not associated w/ pregnancy or lactation

Question 61

What is gynecomastia?

Answer 61

Enlargement and development of breast tissue in males; common in puberty

Question 62

How many ossification centers does the humerus have?

Answer 62

8; 1 primary & 7 secondary

Question 63

A humeral fracture at the surgical neck could injure which nerve?

Answer 63

Axillary nerve

Question 64

A humeral fracture of the shaft could injure which nerve?

Answer 64

Radial nerve

Question 65

What is the nerve supply to the pectoralis major?

Answer 65

Medial & Lateral Pectoral nerves

Question 66

What muscles are absent in Poland's Syndrome?

Answer 66

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor | also atrophy of mammary glands on that side, and absence of ribs

Question 67

Where does the pectoralis minor insert?

Answer 67

Coracoid process of the scapula

Question 68

T/F: Pectoralis major and minor have the same innervation.

Answer 68

False: Pec. major is Medial & Lateral Pectoral nerves | Pec. minor is MEDIAL Pectoral only!

Question 69

Which roots help supply the subclavius muscle?

Answer 69

C5, C6

Question 70

What is the anterior wall of the axilla formed by?

Answer 70

Pectoralis major

Question 71

T/F: The posterior wall of the axilla is formed by the latissimus dorsi and the teres minor.

Answer 71

False...latissimus dorsi and teres MAJOR

Question 72

The lower trunk of the brachial plexus is formed by the union of __ and __.

Answer 72

C8 & T1

Question 73

Which roots help to make up the lateral cord?

Answer 73

C5, C6, C7

Question 74

The cords of the brachial plexus are named to show their relationship to what?

Answer 74

The axillary artery

Question 75

Which two nerves come directly off spinal nerves?

Answer 75

Dorsal Scapular, | Long Thoracic

Question 76

What 3 muscles are supplied by the dorsal scapular nerve?

Answer 76

Rhomboid Major & Minor, Levator Scapulae

Question 77

What is the serratus anterior supplied by?

Answer 77

Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Question 78

Which nerve passes through the belly of the coracobrachialis muscle?

Answer 78

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Question 79

Which nerve may give off the accessory phrenic nerve?

Answer 79

Nerve to Subclavius (C5, C6)

Question 80

Which nerve continues into the forearm as the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve?

Answer 80

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Question 81

What is the segmental innervation of the medial brachial cutaneous nerve?

Answer 81

T1 only

Question 82

What is the only branch of the brachial plexus which is formed from more than one cord?

Answer 82

Median Nerve

Question 83

Which nerve would supply the cutaneous region over the thumb?

Answer 83

Median Nerve

Question 84

What is the motor supply from the upper subscapular nerve?

Answer 84

Subscapularis

Question 85

The triceps brachii are supplied by which nerve?

Answer 85

Radial Nerve

Question 86

The lateral side of the arm is which dermatome level?

Answer 86

C5

Question 87

The skin of the palm is in which dermatome level?

Answer 87

C7

Question 88

Which roots would contribute in a prefixed brachial plexus?

Answer 88

C4, C5, C6, C7, C8

Question 89

T/F: Erb-Duchenne Palsy results from an injury to the upper roots of the brachial plexus.

Answer 89

True

Question 90

How would an individual w/ Erb-Duchenne Palsy present?

Answer 90

Greatly disabled shoulder movements Reasonably functional hand & digit movement Loss of sensation on lateral aspect of arm & forearm

Question 91

What is an injury to the lower roots of the brachial plexus called?

Answer 91

Klumpke's Palsy

Question 92

Which is more common: Erb-Duchenne or Klumpke?

Answer 92

Erb-Duchenne

Question 93

What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?

Answer 93

Compression of cords of brachial plexus and axillary artery (both neurological and vascular problems) - pain & paresthesia - decr. skin temp and limb fatigue

Question 94

What does the axillary artery continue as?

Answer 94

Brachial artery

Question 95

What are the 6 specific branches of the axillary artery?

Answer 95

1. Superior Thoracic 2. Thoracoacromial 3. Lateral Thoracic 4. Subscapular 5 & 6. Anterior and Posterior Humeral Circumflex

Question 96

Which of the following is not a branch of the thoracoacromial artery: acromial, scapular, pectoral, clavicular, or deltoid?

Answer 96

Scapular