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Biomechanics > exam 1 3600 > Flashcards

exam 1 3600 Flashcards

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1
Q

biomechanics

A

the physics (mechanics) of motion produced by biological systems; more specifically - a highly integrated field of study that examines the forces acting upon, within, and produced by a body.

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2
Q

mechanics

A

the branch of physics specifically concerned with the effect of forces and energy on the motion of bodies

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3
Q

static mechanics

A

the study of systems in a state of equilibrium; at rest or in a constant state of motion.

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4
Q

dynamic mechanics

A

the study of systems in a state of accelerated/changing motion

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5
Q

kinematics

A

study or description of the spatial and temporal characteristics of motion without regard to the causative forces (e.g. - displacement and velocity)

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6
Q

kinetics

A

study of forces that inhibit, cause, facilitate, or modify motion of a body (e.g. - friction, gravity, and pressure)

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7
Q

quadriceps

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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8
Q

rotator cuf

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS)

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9
Q

hamstrings

A

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris (long head)

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10
Q

system

A

any structure or organization of related structures whose state of motion is of analytical interest (e.g. - an entire human, part of the human; an object kicked or thrown by the human)

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11
Q

anthropometry

A

describes the shape of the system; the discipline that studies the measurements of the body and body segments in terms of height, weight, volume, breadth, proportion, inertia and other properties related to shape, mass, and mass distribution

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12
Q

center of mass

A

the point that represents the average location of a system’s mass

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13
Q

cartesian coordinate system

A

used to describe motion of the body system and its segments; most common: two axes (x and y) that divide a plane into four quadrants; 3-D coordinate frame of reference also used (x, y and z axes)

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14
Q

free-body diagram

A

a simplified representation of the system free of the movement environment

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15
Q

degrees of freedom

A

the number of independent ways a system can move

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16
Q

closed skills

A

a skill performed under standard environmental conditions (e.g. - basketball free throw: goal is always the exact same height, free throw line is the same distance, ball is standard size and weight)

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17
Q

open skills

A

a skill that must be altered b/c of the changing dynamics of activity, environment, or object of interest (e.g. - passing and dribbling during a soccer game)

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18
Q

motion

A

change in position with respect to spatial and temporal frames of reference

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19
Q

force

A

something that possesses the capability to cause a change in motion of the shape of the system

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20
Q

translation

A

motion along one of the x, y or z axes in which all points of the system move at the same time, in the same direction, with respect to the defined reference frame (also called linear motion)

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21
Q

rectilinear translation

A

path of the system is a straight line

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22
Q

curvilinear translation

A

path of the system is a curved line

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23
Q

rotation

A

occurs when the system is restricted to move around a fixed axis - therefore in a circular path (also called angular motion)

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24
Q

general motion

A

combination of translation and rotation - most human motion is general

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25
discrete
movement with a definite beginning and end-point (e.g. - long jump)
26
continuous
cycles of motion performed repeatedly with no well-defined beginning or end points (e.g. - walking)
27
serial
movements that appear to be continuous but are really a combination of discrete motions (e.g. - triple jump)
28
gross motor skills
usually result from major muscle group activity involving large muscles
29
fine motor skills
small muscle groups or individual muscles (small muscle --> more precision)
30
kinetic chain
system of linked rigid bodies subject for force application
31
simple kinetic chain
each segments participates in no more more than two linkages (e.g. - arm)
32
complex kinetic chain
a segment is linked to more than two other segments (e.g. - torso)
33
open kinetic chain
the most distal segment is free to move (e.g. - barbell curl)
34
closed kinetic chain
the most distal segment is stationary (e.g. - push up) - total chain has less mobility than open kinetic chain
35
functional kinetic chain
complex kinetic chain - some links in open chain motion - others in closed chain motion (e.g. - human locomotion)
36
qualitative motion analysis
describes how the body looks as it performs skill; includes position in space, position of body segments relative to each other
37
composite approach
views the whole body as a system that progresses through passes as it refines movement patterns
38
component approach
uses the same phase method, but breaks the body down into component sections
39
quantitative motion analysis
stems from the simple need for deeper understanding of why the system moves the way that it does
40
scalar quantity
a quantity that possesses only a magnitude but has no particular direction
41
mass
quantity of matter of which a body is composed
42
vectors
arrows are used to represent vector quantities
43
direction
way the force is applied
44
orientation
alignment of the vector in relation to cardinal directions
45
magnitude
size of the applied force
46
point of application
point at which the system receives the applied force
47
line of action
imaginary line extending indefinitely along the vector through the tip and tail
48
vector equality
two vectors are considered equal if they possess the same magnitude and direction
49
vector addition
commutative law of addition: when vectors are added together, the sum is independent of the order  of addition
50
associative law of addition (vector addition #2)
the sum of three or more vectors is independent of the grouping of the vectors for addition
51
vector addition #3
the vectors being added together must possess the same type of quantity
52
vector subtraction
negative of a vector: a vector that when added to the first gives a sum equal to zero
53
resultant
a vector that represents the sum of all forces acting upon a system
54
vector resolution
process used to resolve a single vector into its individual directional component vectors
55
component vectors
the individual vectors that represent each of the multiple effects that one vector represents
56
vector composition
addition of two or more force vectors
57
pythagorean theorem
expresses the relationships b/w the lengths of the sides of a right triangle
58
force
something with the capability to cause a change in motion of a system (pull or push)
59
Newton's First Law
Law of Inertia:  everybody perseveres in its state or rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon - explains the motion of a system in the absence of externally applied force
60
Newton's Second Law
Law of Acceleration:  the alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impressed, and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed - change in motion is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force
61
Newton's Third Law
Law of Action-Reaction:  to every action there always opposed and equal reaction (forces exist in pairs)
62
types of force
non-contact (field) forces; contact forces; external and internal forces; action and reaction forces
63
non-contact (field) forces
newton's law of universal gravitation  explain the interaction of objects even when they are not in contact; field: any object possessing mass creates an invisible field of influence stretching throughout space; field-force: non-contact force
64
strong nuclear force
occurs b/w subatomic particles; prevent the nucleus of an atom from exploding b/c of the repulsive electric force produced by its protons
65
electromagnetic force
between electric charges
66
weak nuclear force
a product of some radioactive decay process, which plays an important part in the nuclear reactions by which the sun produces energy
67
gravitational force
exists between bodies of mass
68
contact forces
the result of physical contact between two bodies
69
external forces
those that interact with the system from the outside (i.e. - the external movement environment) - only external forces can change the motion of the system
70
internal forces
act within the defined system (i.e. - internal to the system) - only internal forces can change the shape of the system
71
action force
"the force" - the initially applied force
72
reaction force
the simultaneous equal counterforce acting in the opposite direction to the action force
73
gravity
one of the most pervasive external forces in everyday life; gravitational pull is concentrated at the center of mass; can be represented with a line, called a line of gravity that passes through the center of mass
74
friction
force that resists the sliding of two objects in contact
75
normal force
force that acts downward on one surface and upward on another
76
static friction
exists when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement
77
kinetic friction
friction in cases when the two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other
78
rolling friction
exists when one surface is rolling over another but not sliding
79
pressure
the magnitude of applied force acting over a given area
80
stress
the external force acting to deform the material
81
strain
if you apply tension, an object stretches - amount of stretch in proportion to its original length = strain
82
elasticity
relationship of stress and strain for a given material and type of deformation
83
elastic region
the linear portion of any given stress/strain curve
84
yield point
point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation
85
plastic region
non-linear response of the material after the yield point
86
coefficient of restitution
materials vary in their ability to reform after deformation - ability of an object to return to its original shape after deformation
87
viscoelastic
a material whose deformation is affected by both the rate of loading and the length of time that it is subjected to a constant load
88
buoyant force
the vertical, upward-directed force acting upon an object that is submerged in a fluid
89
Archimedes' principle
a body submerged in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal in magnitude to the weight of the displaced fluid
90
dynamic fluid force
acts upon a system that is moving through a fluid

Biomechanics (7 decks)

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