Exam 1 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What glands secrete substances in response to stimuli
A
Endocrine glands
2
Q
What are the endocrine glands
A
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pancrease Adrenal glands Gonads Placenta
3
Q
What is an Agonist in terms of Endocrinology
A
Molecule that binds to a receptor and causes a biologic response (normal)
4
Q
What is an antagonist in terms of endocrinology
A
M/C binds to receptor and block binding of the agonist (drugs)
5
Q
What is negative feed back
A
Process that prevents over activity of the system to ensure correct hormone levels at target cells
6
Q
How does Negative feedback regulate cells
A
Control secretion
Change cells activity
Gene transcription/translation
7
Q
What is positive feedback
A
Secretion of a hormone causes more secretion of a hormone
8
Q
What is an example of positive feedback
A
Child birth
Oxytocin is released at time of birth to help with uterine contractions and attachment to child
9
Q
What is the set point of a hormone
A
The point that determines the appropriated response to maintain homeostasis
10
Q
What is another name for hormone set point
A
Homeostasis
11
Q
What are the two types of daily cyclic and periodic variation
A
Diurnal
Circadian
12
Q
What is a type of circannual cyclic and periodic varriation
A
Seasonal
13
Q
How are peptides and catecholamines transported through the body
A
Dissolve in plasma
Diffuse out of capilaries
go through interstitial fluid to target cells
14
Q
Are peptides and catecholamines water soluble
A
Yes
15
Q
How do steroid and thyroid hormones travel through the blood
A
Circulate in blood attached to plasma proteins
16
Q
What is clearance of hormones
A
removal of hormones in blood
17
Q
What happens to the concentration of blood hormone if secretion is higher than clearance
A
It will increase
18
Q
What happens to the concentration of blood hormone if secretion is lower than clearance
A
Concentration will decrease
19
Q
What is hormone resistance
A
Hormone levels can be elevated but cells wont recognize the hormone
20
Q
What is metabolic clearance rate
A
Number of mililiters of plasma cleared of horomone/per min
21
Q
What clears blood of steroid hormones
A
The liver
22
Q
how does the liver get rid of steroid hormones
A
Conjugates them and excretes it in bile
23
Q
Where are hormone receptors located
A
Cell membrane
Cell cytoplasm
Nucleus
24
Q
What are the different types of signaling occur after the hormone receptor complex forms
A
Intracellular signaling Secondary messenger (cAMP)
25
What protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase
Gs protein
26
What does adenylyl cyclase increase
cAMP
27
Where does the pituitary gland originate from
Rathke's pouch
28
How many peptide hormones are made in the pituitary
6
29
What are the 6 peptide hormones that the pituitary is responsible for
```
Growth hormone
FSH/LH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
Prolactin
Endorphins
```
30
What does somatotropin do
Growth of body
Protein formation
Cell proliferation
31
What does Adrenocorticotropin do
Metabolism of glucose, proteins and fat
32
What does prolactin do
develop mammary glands
| Milk production
33
What does LH do
Stimulate ovulation cycle
| sperm production in males
34
What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
| Vasopressin
35
What is oxytocin most important in
Uterine contractions
36
What does Vasopressin do
Stimulate water retention
| Raise BP
37
What does Pars intermedia do
Synthesizes and store melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
38
What controls pituitary secretions
Hypothalamus
39
Where are the neurons that release inhibitory factors that prevent anterior pituitary secretions
Median eminence
40
What releases Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
41
What releases adrenocorticotropin
Corticotropin releaseing hormone
42
What releases growth hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
43
What releases LH and FSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
44
What inhibits prolactin
Prolactin inhibitory homrone
45
Growth hormone decrease the rate of glucose utilization, what does that mean to the rest of the body
Enhances body protein
Use fat stores
Carbohydrate conservation
46
Where is the site of synthesis of GH or Somatotropin
Adenohypophysis
47
What class of hormone is GH and Somatotropin
PPP (protein, polypeptide, peptide)
48
What is the primary function of GH and somatotorpin in children and adults
```
Children = Increase linear height
Adults = Stimulate metabolism
```
49
how does GH and somatotropin stimulate metabolism
stimulate protein anabolism
stimulate CHO metabolism
stimulate lipid catabolism
50
Can GH and Somatotropin increase blood glucose
Yes
51
Can GH and Somatotropin increase BP. If so how
yes, by increasing solutes in plasma
52
What are ALL the functions of GH and Somatotropin
```
Increase height in children
Stimulate metabolism
Increase blood glucose
Increase BP
Increase Plasma calcium
Increase renal reabsorption of sodium and phosphorus
Increase immune response
Increase O2 transport
Breast development
Milk production
```
53
Where is somatostatin synthesised
Hypothalamus
Stomach
Small intestine
Isle of Langerhans
54
What chemical class is somatostatin
PPP
55
Do statins increase or decrease hormone production
Decrease
56
What is the primary function of somatostatin
Decrease synthesis of STH
Decrease Insulin
Decrease Glucagon
57
Where is insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1)and Somatomedin (SM) synthesised
Liver
| Kidney
58
What is the primary function of igf-1 and SM
increase linear height by
| Stimulating osteoblast cell activity
59
What is the primary function of Somatoliberian (SRF)
increase STH secretion
60
What is the secondary function of Somatoliberian (SRF)
increase all hormones of adenohypophysis
61
Where is thyroid stimulating hormone synthesized
Adenohypophysis
62
What is the chemical class of TSH
PPP
63
What is the function of TSH
Stimulate development and maintenance of the thyroid gland
Secretion of thyroxine
64
What would happen is there was suddenly no TSH
The thyroid gland would not work
65
What are the secondary function of TSH
```
Increase metabolism
Increase blood plasma
Increase BP
increase immune response
Increase memory
```
66
Where is Corticotropin Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) synthesised
POMC cells of Adenohypophysis
67
What chemical class is ACTH
PPP
68
What is the function of ACTH
Stimulate the development and maintenance of the adrenal gland and secretion of Cortisol
69
What is the most powerful hormone controller of adrenal glands
ACTH
70
What are the secondary functions of ACTH
Increase metabolism
Increase Plasma glucose
Increase BP
71
what are the side effects of excessive ACTH
Decreased immune response
Increase memory
Increase pigmentation
72
Where are Luteotropin and prolactin synthesised
Lutreotropes and prolactin cells of the adenohypophysis
73
What is the primary function of LTH and PRL
Stimulate development of mammary glands
| Stimulates milk production
74
What is the secondary function of LTH and PRL
Increase metabolism
Increase plasma glucose
Increase BP
increase immune response
75
What are the side effects of excessive LTH and PRL
decrease reproduction
Secrete androgens
Stimulate growth in children
76
How does LTH or PRL decrease reproduction
Decrease sex hormones
77
Where is FSH synthesised
Gonadotrope in the adenohypophysis
78
Who is LTH high in
Mothers that are breast feeding
79
What is the primary function of FSH
Stimulates the gonads to produce gametes
80
What does FSH do in men
Stimulate seminiferous tubules to produce spermatozoa
81
What does FSH do in women
Stimulates the ovaries to produce ovum
82
What does activin do
Stimulate secretion of FSH
83
What is the site of Activin synthesis
Sertoli cells
| Granulosa of ovaries
84
What does Inhibin do
Decrease the secretion of FSH
85
Where is Inhibin synthesised
Sertoli cells
| Granulosa of ovaries
86
Where is LH synthesised
Gonadotrophs - adenohypophysis
87
What is the chemical class of LH
PPP
88
What is the primary function of LH
Stimulate gonads to produce androgens, estrogens, progesterone
89
What does LH do with women
Maturation of the Follicle
Ovulation
Development of corpus luteum
90
What secondary effects does LH have on the body
Increase Immunity
Increase Blood glucose
Increase Metabolism
Increase BP
91
What is the primary function of Endorphins
Decrease pain stimuli
| Decrease reproduction
92
Where are endorphins synthesised
Placenta
Thalamus
Spinal cord
93
What controls the secretion of Endorphins
Pain stimuli
Stress
Strenuous exercise
94
What hormones increase memory
MSH
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
95
What are the posterior pituitary hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
| Oxytocin
96
Where is antidiuretic hormone synthesised
Supra-optic Nuclei
97
What is the primary function of ADH
Increase renal reabsorption
98
What are secondary functions of ADH
```
Vasoconstriction, increase BP
Increase Immune system
Increse secretion of STH and ACTH, Prostaglandins
Increase metabolism
Increase blood glucose
Increase digestion
increase memory
```
99
What gives neurological control of ADH
Impulse down Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
100
What gives physiological control of ADH
if there is an increase or drop in BP
101
What are antagonists to ADH used for those with congestive heart failure and Hyponatremia
Vasopressin
102
What is caused by the decreased output of antidiuretic hormone
Central diabetes insipidus
103
What are the physical characteristics of Central diabetes insipidus
Polyuria
Dilute urine
Hypotension
Increased plasma concentration
104
How does the body compensate for Central diabetes insipidus
Production of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex
105
what is caused by a decreased sensitivity to ADH
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
106
What are the physicial characteristics of Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
Polyuria
Dilute urine
Hypotension
Increased plasma concentration
107
What drug can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Lithium
108
what is SIADH
excessive release of ADH
109
What does SIADH do
Increase blood volume
| Dilutes the plasma sodium (can cause cerebral edema)
110
What can cause SIADH
Strokes
Head trauma
Brain tumors
Cancer
111
Where is Oxytocin synthesised
Paraventricular Nuclei of hypothalamus
112
What does Oxytocin do
Stimulate milk release
Stimulate parturition
Stimulate uterine shrinkage after birth
113
What are some secondary side effects of Oxytocin
Increased renal re-absorption of water
| Decrease memory
114
What is the neurological control of Oxytocin release
Myometrium OT stimulates smooth mucles contractions of uterus
Ferguson Reflex
115
What is the trust hormone
Oxytocin
116
How are physiological ways to secrete oxytocin
Hugging
Shaking hands
Playing with pets
117
How can oxytocin help with wound healings
Anti-inflammatory properties
118
What does a reduction of oxytocin do to diet
Increase diet and may cause obesity
