Exam 2 Flashcards by travis shook

What is the primary function of Calcitonin

Decrease Plasma calcium

Decrease osteoclast cell synthesis and activity

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What is a secondary function of Calcitonin

Decrease Pain

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What inhibits bone resbsorption

Calcitonin

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What secretes calcitonin

C cells of thyroid

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Which calcitonin disease is diagnosed when a patient has an adverse rxn to biphosphonates

Osteoporosis

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What diseases are associated with calcitonin problems

Osteoporosis

Osteitis (paget’s disease)

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What is Pagets disease

Disorder of the normal bone remodeling

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What are symptoms of pagets disease

Bone pain
Fractures
Bowed legs
Cauda equina syndrome
enlarged skull

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Where is parathormone (PTH) synthesised

Dark Chief cells (Parathyroid gland)

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What is the function of Parathormone

Maintain calcium and phosphorus in plasma

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What is caused by a decrease in parathormone

Decreased calcium in blood (hypocalcaemia)

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What are the three primary functions of PTH

Stimulate growth
Increase 100% vit D synthesis
Increase blood calcium

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How does PTH increase blood calcium

stimulate osteoclast cell activity

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What is the most powerful hormone to increase plasma calcium

PTH

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What are the secondary functions of PTH

increase metabolism
increase plasma glucose
increase blood pressure
increase immune response
decrease plasma bicarbonate

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What are the sites of Vitamin D synthesis

Liver

Kidney

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What form of vit D is synthesized in the liver

25-(OH) D3

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What form of vit D is synthesized in the kidney

The active form

1,25 (OH)2D3

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What chemical class is vitamin D

Seco-steroid

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The form of Vit D in the liver (25(OH)D3) is converted in what

1,25(OH)2D3 —– Kidney form

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What is the general organ pathway of Vit D

Skin –> liver —> kidney

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what regulates the synthesis of Vit D

1-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidney

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What regulates 1-alpha-hydroxylase

Parathyroid hormone

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What are the primary functions of Vit D

Increase linear height

Increase plasma calcium

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What are the secondary functions of Vit D

Stimulate integumentary system (skin and hair)

what is a common problem with vit D deficiency of synthesis problems

Alopecia

What are causes of Vit D deficiency

Sun shunning | lack of Vit D in diet

What are symptoms of vit D deficiency

``` Increase in Cardiovascular disease Cognitive impairment severe asthma in children some cancers Rickets ```

Where is substance P synthesised

CNS and PNS | its a Neuropeptide

What is the function of substance P

Transmits pain information about tissue damage to CNS

What receptor does substance P bind to

Neurokinin-1 receptor

What does substance P do to the heart rate

Increase Heart rate (decrease PB)

What systems are at risk of an inflammatory disease caused by substance P

Respiratory Gastointestinal Musculoskeletal

What are some diseases associated with Substance P

Eczema Fibromyalgia Low back pain Arthritis

What association has been found between substance P and PTSD

There is elevated substance P in CSF in PTSD patients

Where are endorphins mainly found

In the brain

What is the function of endorphins

Block pain sensations

What are the three major types of endorphins

Beta-endorphins Enkephalins Dynorphins

What is the natural painkiller

Enkephalins

What do Enkephalins do

Raise pain threshold

What is the difference between Endorphins and Enkephalins

Enkephalins = dulls/inhibits emotional and physical pain Endorphins = Remove pain but also have effect on mood and well being

What feelings do endorphins produce

Euphoric

What can stimulate endorphin production

UV light exposure Eating a great meal Sex

What type of exercise can produce endorphins

Heavy weight training or running

What is they job of the thyroid

Controls metabolism (BMR) regulates - digestion, O2,metabolize fat, body temp

What role does the thyroid play in a child's development

helps control growth and intellect

What class are thyroid hormones

Amine

What are thyroid hormones derived from

Tyrosine

how much iodine do we need a year for proper thyroid gland function

50 mg/year

What membrane protein pumps iodine into the thyroid follicle cells

Sodium-iodide symporter

What form of iodine does the sodium-iodide symporter transport into the thyroid follicle

Iodide

how many sodium ions are transported our of the thyroid follicle for each iodide m/c

2 Na+/1 iodide

What is the process of concentrating iodide in thyroid follicle

Iodid trapping

What influences the rate of iodide trapping

TSH from Anterior pituitary gland

What enzyme promotes oxidation of Iodine

Peroxidase and Hydrogen peroxide

What molecule is thyroxine and triiodothyronine cleaved from

Thyroglobulin

What stimulates the cleavage of thyroglobulin

TSH from anterior pituitary

What are the majority of thyroid hormones released from the follicle cells

T4 - Thyroxine | T3 - Triiodothyronine

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland in children

Increase linear height in children

What is the primary function of thyroid gland in adults

increase metabolism | increase energy

Thyroid gland stimulates Osteo_____ cell activity

Osteoblast cell

What are the 4 neurological means of the thyroid gland

Increase membrane permeability increase synth of neurotransmitter Increase number of receptors for NT decrease enzymes that catabolize neurotransmitters

What does the thyroid gland do to the muscular system

Stimulate the enzymes of protein anabolism

What does the thyroid gland do to cardiac muscle

Stimulate myosin heavy chain alpha Inhibit myosin heavy chain beta

How does the thyroid gland effect skeletal muscle

Release Calcium along T-tubules in smooth and skeletal muscle

how does the thyroid gland increase BP

Increase HR and stroke volume

how does the thyroid increase plasma calcium

stimulate osteoclast activity

what does the thyroid gland do to endocrine glands

Stimulate adrenal glands | increase secretion of cortisol

how does the thyroid stimulate the GI system

stimulate peristalsis | stimulate secretion of hormones + enzymes

How does the thyroid gland stimulate tissue oxygenation

Increase secretions of erythropoietin

How does the thyroid gland effect the immune system

Increase B and T lymphocytes

What are some antithyroid substances

lodine in excess lithium Fluoride in excess (block thyroxine production)

What are some foods that help the thyroid

``` Kelp Dulse Potatoes shrimp cod eggs ```

What is the second most common endocrine disorder

Thyroid disorders

What is a common symptom of Hypothyroid

Bradycardia | Hasimotos thyroiditis

What is a common symptom of hyperthyroid

Tachycardia | Graves disease

What is Goiter

Increased or decreased production the T4 Causes an enlarged thyroid gland

What is diffuse goiter

Even enlargement to thyroid

What is nodular goiter

uneven enlaregment of thyroid

What are symptoms of Graves disease

increased thyroxine (decreased TSH) Protruding eyes Diffuse goiter drooping eyelid

What is Hasimotos thyroiditis

Autoimmune disease | Thyroxine levels varry

What is a thyroid neoplasm

Tumor of the thyroid

What is thyroid storm

When a person is producing too much thyroxine, often caused by a thyroid neoplasm

Exam 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)