Final exam Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What did Han Selye do
A
He did work on stress adaptation and what stress does to the body
2
Q
What are the stages in stress adaptation
A
Alarm stage
Resistance stage
Exhaustion stage
3
Q
Where are the adrenal glands located
A
Superior part of the kidney
4
Q
What part of the supra renal gland produces hormones
A
Outer portion (Zona Glomerulosa)
5
Q
What hormones are produced in the Zona Glomerulosa
A
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid
6
Q
What is the function of the Zona Glomerulosa
A
Renal reabsorption of sodium and excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions
7
Q
The Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal gland controls secretions of which anterior pituitary hormones
A
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
8
Q
What does angiotensin II do
A
Causes Vasoconstriction and increases BP because of that
9
Q
What does the release of angiotensin II do to adrenal glands
A
Stimulates secretion of Aldosterone
10
Q
Where is Angiotensin II released from
A
the liver
11
Q
What does the Atrial natriuretic factor affect
A
The heart
12
Q
What does the Zona Fasciculate release
A
Glucocorticoid (Cortisol, corticosterone)
13
Q
What is the primary function of Glucocorticoids
A
Metabolism of glucose
Increase blood glucose
14
Q
What are the secondary functions of Glucocorticoids from the Zona Fasciculate
A
Increase protein catabolism increase carb catabolism increase lipid catabolism Increase renal reabsorption Acts as anti-allergic agent turns down inflammation
15
Q
What does the zona Reticularis release
A
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
16
Q
What is androstenedione a precursor for
A
Testosterone
17
Q
What regulates adrenal androgen
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
18
Q
What are the parts of the outer cortex of the adrenal glands
A
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculate
Zona Reticularis
19
Q
What is the inner portion of the adrenal glands called
A
Medulla
20
Q
What does the Medulla of the adrenal glands secrete
A
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
21
Q
What is the site of synthesis for epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
Adrenal medulla
22
Q
what is the chemical class for epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
Mono-amino-acid derivatives
23
Q
What does the adrenal medulla receives sympathetic input from
A
Preganglionic from T5-T11
24
Q
What is the Adrenal hyposecretion disorder discussed in class
A
Addison’s disease
25
What is the Adrenal hypersecretion disorder discussed in class
Cushing's syndrome
26
what disease discussed in class has Generalized skin pigmentation on the palmer skin, gums, nails
Addisons
27
What disease discussed in class causes fattening of the face and a fatty deposit at the base of the neck
Cushings disease
28
What are the adrenals producing too little of in Addison's disease
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal insufficiency
29
What are the symptoms of Addison's disease
```
Muscle weakness + fatigue
Wt loss
Decreased appetite
Hyperpigmentation
Low BP
Hair loss
Sexual dysfunction
```
30
People with addisons disease with have a craving for what
Salt
31
What type of hormone is importatnt in sexual development in men
Androgens
32
What adrenal hormone influences muscle mass
Androgens
33
What adrenal hormone gives both men and women libido and a sense of well being
Androgens
34
What are the primary reasons for adrenal damage
```
Adrenal cortex damaged
autoimmune disease
TB
infections
Cancer
```
35
What are secondary reasons for adrenal insufficiency
Pitutary gland disease
| Corticosteroids for tx
36
What diseases might require someone take corticosteroids that could damage the pititary
Asthma
Arthritis
Abruptly stopping meds
37
What is produced too much in Cushing's disease
Cortisol
38
what are symptoms of Cushings disease
```
Thinning of skin
Bruising
high BP
Wt gain
Moon face (puffy face)
Buffalo hump
```
39
What hormones are released by the kidneys
Erythropoietin
Rennin
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
40
Where is Erythropoietin (EPO) released in adults and in the fetus
```
Adults = Kidney
Fetus = Liver
```
41
What does Erythropoietin do
Stimulate development of RBC
42
What controls the secretions of Erythropoietin
Endorphins
Substance P
Oxytocin
Thyroxine
43
What where blood tests in sports originally used to test for
Recombinant human erythropoietin, to prevent high levels of heamotcrit
44
What does the Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do
Regulate Blood pressure and fluid balance
45
What happens when there is a loss of blood volume of blood pressure
The Macula densa cells signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin
46
What happens to Glomerular filtration rate when the Macula densa senses a decrease in BP
it decreases
47
What does the Macula densa cells sense
The concentration of sodium
48
What happens when the macula densa senses decreased sodium
Stimulates the release of Renin
49
What does plasma renin activate the conversion of
Angiotensinogen from liver to angiotensin I then to angiotensin II
50
What cells release renin into circulation
Juxtaglomerular cells
51
Renin stimulates release of norepinephrine which then causes what to happen
Vasoconstriction of vessels to increase BP when BP is low
52
Ultimately the job of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is to do what
Bring blood pressure up to normal
53
What is the antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus
Vasopressin
54
What do antidiuretic hormones do
Regulate amount of water excreted by the kidneys
55
What is the hypothalamus monitoring in order to determine if ADH needs to be released
Volume passing through hypothalamus
Concentration of water in the blood
56
What organ is the primary target for aldosterone
The kidneys
57
What is the main important function of aldosterone
Sodium and water absorption
58
What do the parathyroids regulate
Calcium and phosphate
59
Where is Atrial Natriuretic peptide synthesised
Atrium of the heart
60
What does Atrial natriuretic peptide do
Stimulate renal excretion of sodium
61
How does atrial natriuretic peptide stimulate renal excretion of sodium
Decreasing secretion of angiotensin II
| Decreasing secretion of Aldosterone
62
What is decreased in Central Diabetes insipidus
Decreased output of antidiuretic hormone
63
What happens when there is a decreased output of antidiruetic hormone
Excessive urine output (polyuria)
| Excessive thirst
64
How does the body compensate for reduced ADH in central diabetes insipidus
Increased aldosterone after compensation to try and increase BP
65
What is happening in Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
Decreased Sensitivity to ADH
| Increased Secretion of ADH
66
What drug can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
Lithium
67
What chromosome carries a gene that can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
X chromosome
68
What concentrations of Calcium and potassium can block ADH
High Calcium
| Low potassium
69
What is happening with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Excessive ADH secretion
70
What can be a complication caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Fluid overload
71
What can cause syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Strokes
Head trauma
Brain tumors
72
What hormones are released from beta cells in the pancreas
Insulin
| Glucagon
73
Which pancreatic cells release insulin
Beta cells - Islets of Langerhans
74
Which pancreatic cells release Glucagon
Alpha cells - islets of langerhans
75
What is the function of Glucagon
Increase Blood glucose
| Decrease plasma calcium
76
Why are people with Type 1 diabetes insulin dependent
Not enough cells to produce insulin
77
What is happening in type 2 diabetes
Decrease insulin secretion and sensitivity
78
What caues the decrease of beta cells in type 1 diabetes
Antibodies attack pancreas
79
What are some complications of Diabetes
Detached retina
Diabetic neuropathy
Glaucoma
80
What is the job of FSH and LH
Stimulate gonads
Essential for reproduction
Regulate aspects of gonadal function in both sexes
81
What does LH do in the testes
Binds to Leydig cells which produce testosterone
82
What does LH do in the ovaries
Converts LH to testosterone when is then converted into estrogen
83
What converts Testosterone into estrogen in the ovaries
Granulosa cells
84
What is the function of FSH in women
Stimulate ovarian follicles
85
What is the function of FSH in men
Supports sperm cell maturation
| Supports function of Sertoli cells
86
What stimulates the secretion of LH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
87
What inhibit secretions of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Sex steroids that it stimulates the release of (neg feedback)
88
What happens if FSH is low in males
ED
decreased libido
infertility
low energy
89
What are symptoms of FSH in males
Headachs
Visual impairment
Hormonal deficiencies
90
What are symptoms of low and high FSH in females
Oligomenorrhea
Amenorrhea
infertility
91
What is Clomid
Fertility drug that induces ovulation
92
How does Clomid induce ovulation
Increase Gonadotropin thus increasing LH and FSH
93
What are some side effects of Clomid
Headache
Blurred vision
abnormal bleeding
94
What cells secrete gastrin
G cells in the stomach
95
What does Gastrin do
Increase gastric acid secretions
96
What releases somastatin
D cells in GI tract
97
What does somastatin do
Reduce gastrin in stomach acid
98
What hormone stimulates appetite
Grehlin
99
What cells secrete secretin
S cells in the duodenum and jejunum
100
What secretes motilin
Small intestine - Colon
101
What does Secretin do
Dilution and neutralization of stomach acid
102
What does Motilin do
Controls peristalsis
103
What does low T4 mean
Diseased thyroid
| Non functioning pituitary gland not stimulating thyroid
104
What happens if T4 is low and TSH is high
Problem with thyroid gland
105
What happens if T4 is low and TSH is low
Pituitary problem
106
What test measures Thyroid hormones
Radioimmunoassay T7
107
What test is used to determine Thyroid binding globulin
Thyroid binding globulin test
108
What happens if Thyroid binding globulin is high or low
It can cause there to be high or low T4 and T3
109
What hormone will rise when the thyroid can't produce enough T4 or T3
TSH
110
Hypothyroid patients take up (too much/too little) iodine
Too little
111
Hyperthryroid patients take up (too much/Too little) iodine
Too much
112
What test measures glucose in blood after fasting for 8 hours
Fasting blood glucose test
113
Where is estrogen produced
Ovaries
Fat cells
Adrenal glands
114
What does Estrogen do
Regulate menstrual cycle
Control lactation
Bone formation with vit D
Maintain vaginal wall
115
What are the three types of Estrogen
Estrone
Estradiol
Estriol
116
Where is progesterone released from
The corpus luteum
117
What does progesterone do
Prepares the body for pregnancy
118
What does progesterone do during pregnancy
Maintain endometrium
| Prevents other oocytes from maturing
119
What is progesterone therapy used for in males
To help with prostate problems
120
What does progesterone do at a neurological level
Supports development of neurons in the brain
121
Progesterone has been shown to do what to those with traumatic brain injury
Have a neurogeneration effect
122
What controls the level of testosterone in the body
Pituitary gland
123
What plays a major role in male reproductive organs, increasing muscle mass and bone mass
Testosterone
124
Low testosterone will have what kind of affect in men and women
Low libido
