Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are amniotes?
A
Eggs and embryos surrounded by membranes from mother and offspring
Reptiles and Mammals
2
Q
What are non-amniotes?
A
Embryos are enclosed by membrane produced by mother
3
Q
What are the major non-amniotic groups?
A
Agnathans
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibians
4
Q
What are the four extraembryonic membranes?
A
Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorian
Allantois
5
Q
What is the importance of the amniotic egg?
A
Allows species to be independent from water during reproduction
6
Q
What is the importance of the yolk sac?
A
Secretes enzymes that digest the yolk
7
Q
What is the importance of the amnion?
A
Keeps the body suspended
8
Q
What is the importance of the chorian?
A
Surrounds everything in the egg
9
Q
What is the importance of the allantois?
A
Waste bucket of the cell
10
Q
What does the group agnathans consist of?
A
Hagfish and Lamprey
11
Q
What does the group chondrichthyes consist of?
A
Sharks, rays and ratfish
12
Q
What does the group osteichthyes consist of?
A
Sarcopterygians - lobed finned
Actinopterygians - ray finned
13
Q
What are the three groups that make up amphibians?
A
Caudata - Salamanders
Anura - frogs
Gymnophiona - caecillians
14
Q
What groups make up the saurapsids?
A
Testudinia - turtles
Lepidosaura - Turtles, lizards and snakes
Crocodilia
Aves
15
Q
What groups make up synapsids?
A
Prototheria - monotromes
Metatherians - Marsupials
Eutherians - Placentals
16
Q
What is a clade?
A
An evolutionary lineage
17
Q
What are synapomorphies?
A
Shared derived characteristics
18
Q
What are pleisomorphies?
A
Shared ancestral characters
19
Q
What are apomorphies?
A
An evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species and all it’s descendants
20
Q
What is parallel evolution?
A
Similar survival tactics lead to similar traits
Monarch butterfly and viceroy
21
Q
What is convergent evolution?
A
Two species evolve similar traits separately
May have given rise to analogous structures
22
Q
What are analogous structures?
A
Similar structures that arose seperatley
23
Q
What are homologous structures?
A
Shared structures that were passed down from an ancestor
24
Q
What are deuterostomes?
A
Blastopore becomes the anus
25
What are protostomes?
Blastopore becomes the mouth
26
What are the five characteristics of all chordates?
```
Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Post anal tail
Pharyngeal pouches or slits
Endostyle or throid gland
```
27
What are the three germ layers and what do they become in adult life?
Endoderm - lining of internal organs
Mesoderm - form muscles
Ectoderm - nervous system, epidermis, and mucus membrane
28
What are the nonvertebrate chordates?
Urochordata
| Cephalochordata
29
What does pelagic mean?
Live in the open ocean
30
What is special about the subphylum urochordata?
Tunicates or sea squirts
Mobile larva with sedentary adults
Use pharyngeal slits for filter feeding
31
What is in the subphylum cephalochordata?
```
Amphioxus and Lancelets
Notochord extends full length of body
Myomeres allow contraction and swimming motion
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Gill slits used for filter feeding
```
32
What is the neural crest?
Possibly a fourth germ layer
33
What will neural crest cells become?
Melanocytes
Craniofacial cartilage and bones
Smooth muscle
Peripheral and enteric neurons
34
What is the theory of Recapitulation?
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
| Developmental changes give great insight into phylogeny
35
What are mesentaries?
Sheets of peritoneum that suspend the gut in the peritoneal cavity in coelomates
Connects arteries, veins and nerves to the intestine
36
What is the pleuroperitoneal cavity?
Cavity surrounding the lungs and visceral organs
37
What is the pericardial cavity?
Cavity surrounding the heart
38
What are somites?
Segmental bulges on the dorsal side of the mesoderm
39
What do somites become?
```
Dermis of the skin
Striated skeletal muscle
Parts of the skull
Ribs
Vertebral column
```
40
What are the three skin layers?
Epidermis - outer layer
Dermis - collagen fibers, blood vessels, and sensory organs
Hypodermis - subcutaneous fat
41
What is hydroxyapatite?
Compound of calcium and phosphorus
| More resistant to acid than calcite
42
What is dermal bone?
More primitive, formed in the skin
43
What is endochondrial bone?
Formed inside cartilage
44
What is similar to enamel but found in cartilaginous fish?
Enameloid
45
What anchors teeth to sockets?
Cementum
46
What are the three divisions of the cranium?
Splanchnocranium
Chondrocranium
Dermatocranium
47
What is the splanchonocranium?
Visceral cranium
Contributes to jaws
Attachment for respiratory muscles
Originally supported pharyngeal slits in protochords
48
What is the chondrocranium?
Base of skull
| Underlies and support brain
49
What is the dermatocranium?
Top casing of the skull
| Bones of upper jaw, palates and opercular bones
50
How is the nervous system divided?
Central and peripheral nervous system
51
What is the peripheral nervous system responsible for?
Communication between CNS and rest of body
52
What is the PNS divided into?
Sensory and motor division
53
What is the motor division divided into?
Somatic and Autonomic
54
What is the autonomic system divided into?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
55
What were some of the possible reasons for the evolution of bone?
Protection
Shield of electroreceptors in the head
Stores and regulates calcium and phosphorus
56
What were the first vertebrates to have bone fragments?
Ostracoderms
57
What does the group agnathans consist of?
Ostracoderms (Extinct)
| Cyclostomes
58
What makes up the cyclostomes?
Myxinoidea - Hagfish
| Petromyzontiformes - Lamprey
59
What is unique about the hagfish circulatory system?
Anueral accessory hearts
| Different hearts for different body regions
60
What is anadromous?
Live in lakes and oceans
| Breed in streams
61
What are ammocoetes?
Larva of lamprey
62
What is special about lamprey ventilation?
It is tidal ventilation rather than flow through
63
What are estuaries?
Meeting of salt water and fresh water
64
What are myomeres?
Muscle subunits
65
What is a spiracle?
Modified gill
| Allow it to bring oxygenated water in from the top of its body
66
What is the importance of fins?
Resist roll, pitch and yaw
Bring stability to streamlined body
Help maintain depth
67
What is a deterocercal tail?
The top half of the tail is larger than the bottom
| This helps lift the posterior of the body
68
What is the difference between agnathans and gnathostomes?
Agnathans - jawless
| Gnathostomes - jawed fish
69
What are the two theories for fin evolution?
Gill arch theory
| Fin fold theory
70
What is the gill arch theory of fin evolution?
Part of the gill arch began to expand and became fin
| Problem: doesn't explain pelvic and girdle fin
71
What is the fin fold theory of fin evolution?
Skin fold arose around the lateral lines and eventually split into two fins
72
What do jaws originate from?
First gill arch
73
Why did jaws evolve?
Help in forceful ventilation
| As organisms became larger they needed more oxygen, beginning of jaws allowed for suction
74
What were placoderms?
Had plate like skin
Like ostracoderms but with jaws
Nerves lack myelin sheath
Most primitive gnathostome
75
What are the benefits of living in water?
Neutral bouyancy
Can grow large with little regard to gravity
Good electrical conductor
76
What are the challenges of living of water?
18X more viscous than air
Much less oxygen
Temperature fluctuates less
77
What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?
Ventilation - moving the medium
| Respiration - Actual gas exchange that occurs
78
What is ram ventilation?
Swimming with mouth open
79
What is buccal pumping?
Bringing water in through the mouth and out through the gills
80
What is the operculum?
Covering of the gill slits
81
What is respiratory counter current exchange?
Blood flows opposite water in the gills, as water goes past, oxygen diffuses from water to blood
82
What is facultative air breathing?
Not required
| Used when O2 levels drop
83
What is obligatory air breathing?
Must breath air
84
How do fish adjust buoyancy?
Lungs can be used as swim bladder
5% of BW in salt water
6% of BW in fresh water
Sharks use liver, which can be up to 25% BW
85
What is physostomous?
Gas added from the gut
86
What is physoclitous?
Gas added from the blood
87
What are the two terms for where gas is added from to adjust bouyancy?
Physostomous
| Physoclitous
88
How is the vision of fish different from that of terrestrial organisms?
Fish move their lens back and forth to focus
| Terrestrial organisms adjust the shape of the lens
89
Where do fish have taste buds?
Mouth, around head and anterior fins
90
What are the mechanical receptor senses that fish have?
Inner ear - detects change in speed and direction
| Neuromast - organ of later line system, detects vibrations
91
What are ampullae of lorenzini?
Electroreceptors in sharks and rays
| Allows for electrolocation
92
What is electrolocation?
Use of high frequency electrical discharging to sense surroundings
93
What is the lateral line system?
Surface receptor system that goes from the head to the tail along the side of fish and amphibians
94
What is a nephron?
Functioning unit of the urinary system
| Removes excess water, salts and metabolic wastes
95
What is a glomerulus?
Main filtration organ of the nephron
96
What does it mean to be osmotic?
Osmolarity inside and outside fish are the same
97
What does it mean to be hyposmolal?
Lower osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside
| Bony fish
98
What does it mean to be hyperosmolal?
Higher osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside
| Sharks
99
What does it mean to be stenohaline?
Narrow salinity tolerance
100
What does it mean to be euryhaline?
Wide salinity tolerance
101
What does it mean to be ammonotelism?
Direct secretion of ammonia
| Vertebrates in aqueous medium
102
What does it mean to be ureotelism?
Excretion of nitrogen in the form of urea
| Done in mammals
103
What is uricotelism?
Nitrogen excreted in form of uric acid
Insoluble in water
Reptiles and birds
104
How does temperature effect organisms?
Higher temperatures means a higher metabolism
| Lower temperatures means a lower metabolism
105
What does it mean to be an endotherm?
Warm blooded, produce their own heat
106
What is Q10?
Change in rate over a change in temperature by 10C
107
What is standard metabolic rate?
Minimum rate of oxygen consumption needed to sustain life
108
What are poikilotherms?
Animals with variable body temperatures
109
What does it mean to be an ectotherm?
Cold blooded, require the environment for their heat source
110
What does it mean to be a regional heterothermy?
Different parts of the body are kept at different temperatures
111
What are the reasons that would have led to the evolution of viviparity?
Increased predation on eggs and reduced hatching success due to temperature and moisture
112
What are the steps needed for viviparity to evolve?
Increased egg retention
Decrease thickness of egg shell to allow gas exchange in body
Increase vascularization to uterus
113
What is viviparity?
Live birth
114
What is oviparity?
Laying eggs
115
What is lecithotrophic?
Nutrients come from the yolk inside the egg
| All nutrients are given at one time
116
What is matrotrophic?
Nutrients come as you need them
117
What is gestation?
Pregnancy
118
What is parturition?
The act of giving live birth
119
What is oviposition?
The act of laying eggs
120
What is special about shark eggs?
They are specially designed to anchor them
121
What are claspers?
Male reproductive organ of sharks
122
How do sharks give birth?
Some give live birth while others lay eggs
123
What are the two main groups of chondrichthyes?
Noselachi - Multiple gill openings
| Holocephali - Single gill opening
124
What is unique about shark teeth?
They are constantly replacing themselves with a "conveyor belt" of teeth
125
What are placoid scales?
Bony spikey scales covered in an enamel like covering on shark
126
What are hyolistic jaws?
Upper jaw is freely suspended, can move
