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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups that make up Lepidosaurs?

A

Sphenodontidae

Squamates

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2
Q

What is the group sphenodontidae comprised of?

A

Tuatara

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3
Q

How is the cloaca different among lizards and salamanders?

A

Cloaca vent is transverse in lizards, it is longitudinal in salamanders

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4
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Growth in length stops when the epiphyseal plates fuse

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5
Q

What is a characteristic of the inguania class?

A

Muscular tongues

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6
Q

What suborders make up Squamates?

A

Inguania

Scleroglossans

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7
Q

What makes up Inguania?

A

Agamidae - dragon lizard
Chamaeleonidae
Iguanidae

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8
Q

What is a characteristic of the scleroglossan class?

A

Hard tongues

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9
Q

What makes up Scleroglossan?

A

Geckos and skinks
Amphisbaenians
Serpentes

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10
Q

What are amphisbaenians?

A

Burrowing lizards and legless lizards

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11
Q

What does it mean to be zygodactylous?

A

Toes are bundled into two groups, one facing forward, the other facing backwards

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of amphispbaenians?

A

Leglessness has evolved 3 times
Integument has not connected to the trunk
Annuli rings
Fossorial

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13
Q

What family of snakes contains 2/3 of the worlds species?

A

Colubroidea

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14
Q

What subfamily of snakes have hollow fangs?

A

Elapidae and viparidae

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15
Q

What are the different types of snake locomotion?

A

Lateral undulation
Rectilinear
Concertina
Sidewinding

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16
Q

What is lateral undulation locomotion?

A

Movement by finding leverage to push off of

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17
Q

What is rectilinear locomotion?

A

Stretch and constrict to pull themselves forward

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18
Q

What is concertina locomotion?

A

Move a wave throughout their whole body to move forward

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19
Q

What is sidewinding locomotion?

A

Moving in side to side motion

Reduces contact between body and hot ground

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20
Q

What does it mean to be fossorial?

A

Have adaptations that aid in digging and burrowing

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21
Q

What are the specialized mandible adaptations of snakes?

A

Mandibles are only attached by muscles and skin
Allow independent movement
Allows snake to swallow prey whole

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22
Q

What are the adaptations that constrictors have for feeding?

A

Short ribs and short abdominal muscles

When prey exhales, the snake tightens

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23
Q

What are the different dentations in snakes?

A

Aglyphous - without fangs (Pythons)
Opisthoglysphous - Rear fanged (Hognose)
Proteroglyphous - hollow fangs with some other teeth (Mambas)
Solenoglyphous - Only follow fangs, no other teeth (Vipers)

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24
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Virgin birth

Female produces diploid eggs

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25
What are the pros and cons of parthenogenesis?
Pros - don't need to struggle to find a mate | Cons - Producing identical variation, low variety in gene pool
26
What influences possible body temperature of ectotherms?
Animal characteristics | Environmental variables
27
What are the categories of animal characteristics that influence possible ectotherm body temperature?
Behavioral Physiological Morphological
28
What are behavioral animal characteristics that influence body temperature?
Postural orientation | Thermal preference
29
What are physiological animal characteristics that influence body temperature?
Metabolic rate | Blood flow
30
What are morphological animal characteristics that influence body temperature?
Size Shape Color
31
What are the categories of animal characteristics that influence possible ectotherm body temperature?
Abiotic | Biotic
32
What are the biotic environmental characteristics that influence body temperature?
Prey Predators Competitors Mates
33
What are the abiotic environmental characteristics that influence body temperature?
Radiation Wind speed Temperature Humidity
34
What are the different categories of functional effects that body temperature influence?
Developmental Physiological Behavioral
35
What are the developmental characteristics that body temperature influences?
Developmental rate Developmental speed Body size Anomalies
36
What are the physiological characteristics that body temperature influences?
Metabolic rate Digestive rate Growth
37
What are the behavioral characteristics that body temperature influences?
Crawling speed Strike speed Defensive behavior
38
What animal characteristics influence functional effects?
Thermal tolerance Thermal optima Ability to acclimate
39
What ecological effects do functional effects have?
``` Activity time Prey capture Microhabitat Predation Range ```
40
What fitness effects do ecological effects have?
Surviorship Growth Reproduction
41
What are the different groups of crocodilians?
Alligatoridae Crocodylidae Gavialdae - Gharial
42
Why are birds thought to be closely related to crocodiles?
Oviparous Parental care Vocalization between hatchlings and parent Adult vocalization during courtship and territorial displays
43
What were the earliest evidence of feathers?
Single hollow feathers
44
What were the functions of early feathers?
Sensory Insulation Social interactions
45
What were early well developed feathers originally used for?
Body temperature control | Covering eggs for temperature regulation
46
What are the two theories for origin of flight?
Arboreal | Terrestrial
47
What is the arboreal theory of flight?
From trees down Tree climbers jumping from tree to tree Feathers allowed them to glide and travel further
48
What is the terrestrial theory of flight?
From ground up Bipedal runners used wings to lighten the load while running Flapping of wings helped in horizontal jumping after prey
49
What is the importance of the archeopteryx?
``` Earliest known bird Contour and flight feathers Lacked deep sternum Long bony tail Teeth ```
50
What is the significance of archeopteryx lacking a deep sternum?
Means pectoral muscles weren't as developed | Has flight feathers but not enough pectoral muscles
51
How is the desert tortoise able to survive?
Has periods of inactivity during the hotter months | Builds water supply storage during spring months to carry it over into the summer months
52
What is the chuckwallas survival strategy?
Don drink water | Obtain water from food and metabolic water
53
What is the spadefoot toads survival strategy?
Constructs a burrow at end of rainy season in sept and stays until july Retains high body fluid osmolarity
54
Why do spade foot toads have such a fast metamorphic process?
Pools are only temporary
55
How do fish in subzero water survive?
Fish at bottom stay supercooled | Fish at surface produce antifreeze compounds
56
How do painted turtles survive freezing temperatures?
Outer skin layer forms a barrier to resist ice crystal penetration Lipid layer prevents ice crystal penetration
57
What is the benefit of hibernating in shallow burrows that can freeze?
Organisms that do this will have a head start in the breeding season, can reach surface faster
58
What is specific dynamic action (SDA)?
Heat product as a result of increased metabolic rate as a response to feeding
59
What are the heat producing and conserving mechanisms that endotherms use?
Specific dynamic action Skeletal muscles produce heat Hair and feathers
60
What is the thermal neutral zone?
Range of temperatures where metabolism can remain relatively constant to maintain that temp
61
What is the zone of tolerance?
Range of environmental temperatures where the body temp can be kept stable
62
Where does consumed energy get used?
Excreta | Assimilated energy
63
What are the two forms of excreta?
Feces | Urine
64
What are the two categories that assimilated energy can be used for?
Production (Goes into building biomass) | Respiration (Physiological processes that require energy)
65
What can energy be used for in the production category?
Storage Reproduction Growth
66
What can energy be used for in the respiration category?
Digestion Maintenance Activity
67
How do artic endotherms balance their energy budget?
Have long and thick hair | Have wider thermoneutral zones
68
How do baleen whales maintain their energy budget?
Build energy in subpolar waters during the summer | Allows long periods of migration and not eating in winter
69
What is tarpor?
Changing your metabolism during certain periods of the day
70
Why is it so difficult to keep cool in hot enviornments?
Evaporative cooling is the main mechanism to reduce body temp in endotherms Water is scarce in hot deserts
71
What are the kidney adaptations that endotherms have?
Thicker medullas Longer pyramids Longer loops of Henle
72
What is a rete mirabile?
Blood going to the brain goes through a cool moist environment which cools the blood down
73
What are the two superorders of Neognathae?
Galoanserea | Neoaves
74
What orders are in Galoanserea?
Anseriformes | Galliformes
75
What is anseriformes comprised of?
Ducks | Geese
76
What is galliformes comprised of?
Fowl | Quail
77
What orders are in Neoaves?
``` Piciformes Columbiformes Falconiformes Spheniciformes Passeriformes ```
78
What is piciformes comprised of?
Woodpeckers
79
What is columbiformes comprised of?
Pigeons
80
What is falconiformes comprised of?
Hawks Eagles Vultures
81
Whatis spheniciformes comprised of?
Penguins
82
What is passeriformes comprised of?
Perching birds
83
What is the suborder of passeriformes that makes up songbirds?
Oscines
84
What are the two infraclasses of birds?
Palaeognathe | Neognathae
85
What is in palaeognathe?
Ratites (Ostrich, rhea, cassowary, kiwi)
86
What is the largest flying bird?
Kori bustard
87
What are the different types of feathers?
``` Contour Semiplumes Down Bristles Filoplumes ```
88
What is the function of contour feathers?
Body and flight feathers
89
What is the function of semiplume feathers?
Below contour feathers | Provide thermal insulation
90
What is the function of down feathers?
Provide insulation
91
What is the function of bristle feathers?
Tectile sensation Filter out particles from nostrils and eyes Base of bill, around eyes
92
What is the function of filoplumes?
Sensory structures
93
What are the skeletal adaptations of birds?
Hollow pneumatic bones Heavier leg bones Large sternum for flight muscle attachment Furcula
94
What is a furcula?
Fused clavicles Wish bone Add bracing support
95
What are the ear adaptations that most birds have?
Cochlea is 1/10 the length of mammals | Have 10x more hair cells
96
Why do owls have such good hearing?
Asymmetrical ears, allow for increased location ability | Face is round to trap more sound
97
What are the muscular adaptations of birds?
Pectoral muscle is 20% of body mass Strong flier have higher percentage Swimming birds have stronger legs
98
What are the three different eye types for birds?
Flat- most birds Globular - most falcons Tubular - owls
99
What is the adaptive significance of having bright feathers?
Indicate good nutrition Resistance to parasites Ability to avoid predators
100
What is monogamy?
Only one mate
101
What is polygamy?
More than one mate in a breeding season
102
What is polygyny
One male mates with multiple females
103
What is polyandry?
One female mates with multiple males
104
What is social monogamy?
Share responsibilities for a clutch of eggs | One of the sexes pretends to be monogamous
105
What is genetic monogamy?
Share responsibilities for a nest with no extra pair copulations
106
How is cheating beneficial to both sexes?
Increases fitness of its offspring by mating with better genetics Offspring with increased variability
107
How does cheating benefit males?
More offspring Other males care for his offspring Increased reproductive success by spreading eggs over multiple nests
108
How does cheating benefit females?
Reduce risk that some eggs may not be fertilized Sexy son hypothesis Quasi nest parasitism
109
What is the sexy sons hypothesis?
Mating with more attractive males will mean your sons will be more attractive and be able to mate more
110
What does it mean to be altricial?
Young hatch naked and dependent on parents for food and thermoregulation
111
What does it mean to be precocial?
Young hatch feathered and self sufficient | Wood ducks
112
What factors influence clutch size?
Resources | Predation
113
Why has viviparity not evolved
Since birds are warm blooded they can keep the eggs warm with their bodies or the environment
114
What is quasi nest parasitism?
Females lay eggs in males nests that will then take care of the offspring

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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