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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the challenges to terrestrial living?

A 
Locomotion
Eating
Reproduction
Breathing air
Sensory systems in air
Water conservation
Body temperature control
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2
Q

Why is locomotion a challenge on land?

A

Organisms need to support themselves in order to move

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3
Q

What are the axial system adaptations that terrestrial organisms have?

A

Zygapophyses
Cervical vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the function of zygapophses?

A

Interlock vertebrae

Resist twisting

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5
Q

What is the function of cervical vertebrae?

A

Allows neck to turn

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6
Q

What is the function of sacral vertebrae?

A

Fused to form pelvic girdles

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7
Q

What are the appendicular adaptations that allow for locomotion?

A

Limbs and girdles

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8
Q

What is the challenge of eating on land?

A

Terrestrial animals have to use their teeth, jaws, tongues and cheeks to manipulate food
Can no longer use suction

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9
Q

What is the function if the tongue?

A

Manipulate food and move it towards pharynx

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10
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Lubricates food, dissolves surface chemicals for taste, enzymes and venom

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11
Q

What is the chemical that breaks down starch?

A

Salivary amylase

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12
Q

What are the main groups of bony fish?

A

Sarcopterygii - lobe finned fish

Actinopterygii - ray finned fish

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13
Q

What are the two main groups that make up sarcopterygii?

A

Dipnoi - lungfish

Actinistia - coelacanths

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14
Q

What are the causes for the diversity of actinopterygii?

A

Allopatric speciation

Ecological/sympatric speciation

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15
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Physical barrier between two populations causes speciation

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16
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Occurs without seperation

May be caused by sexual selection or habits

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17
Q

What are protrusible jaws?

A

Specialized jaws that are used for suction feeding

Both top and bottom jaws move

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18
Q

What are the classes of fish that make up the group Actinopterygii?

A

Polypteriformes
Acipenseriforms
Lepisosteiroformes
Amminformes

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19
Q

What are polypteriformes?

A

Birchir and reedfish

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20
Q

What are acipenseriforms?

A

Paddlefish and sturgeon

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21
Q

What are lepisosteiroformes?

A

Gars

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22
Q

What are ammiformes?

A

Bowfin fish

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23
Q

What does it mean to be catadromous?

A

Live in fresh water and spawn in marine water

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24
Q

What are the three classes that make up teleosteans?

A

Elopomorpha
Clupeomorpha
Euteleosti

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25
What are elopomorpha?
Tarpon, bonefish and eels
26
What are clupeomorpha comprised of?
Herrings, shad, sardines and anchovies
27
What are euteleosti?
New bony fish | Piranhas, minnows and catfish
28
What is the weberian apparatus?
Connects swim bladder to the inner ear
29
What are the benefits for pelagic spawning?
Reduced predation from adults in the parental habitat Dispersal of offspring Higher productivity in sunlit surface of open waters
30
How do non-amniotes breath?
Use buccal pumping (positive pressure)
31
What are haversian systems?
Functional unit that forms bone
32
How do non -amniotes breath?
Used negative pressure ventilation | Expansion of the rib cage and abdominal cavity
33
What it buccal pumping?
Air is brought into the mouth, the cheeks are then compressed to force the air down into the lungs
34
What is the larynx?
Unique to amniotes | Allows for esophagous and trachea to be routed seperately
35
What is double circulation?
Veins carry only deoxygenated blood while arteries carry oxygenated blood Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate
36
What is cutaneous respiration?
Gas exchange through the skin
37
How is the amphibian circulatory system different?
Pulmonary artery branches and also goes to the skin so cutaneous respiration can occur
38
What is the organ of corti?
Inner ear hearing organ
39
What is the adaptive significance of a urinary bladder?
Lets the organism control when they release urine | A constant release would give away location which is a negative for both predatory and prey animals
40
What is a vomernasal organ?
Jacobson's organ An olfactory organ Chemicals are brought in by the tongue and wiped against it
41
What are proprioceptors?
Sensory receptors that give information regarding position and movement
42
How is water conserved in dry environments?
Keratinized epidermal cells | Kidney modification reduces water loss
43
What are the four ways that heat can be exchanged with the environment?
Evaporation Conduction Convection Radiation
44
How is heat transferred in evaporation?
Sweat draws heat from your skin in order to evaporate
45
How is heat transferred in conduction?
Two solid surfaces touch and exchange heat
46
How is heat transferred in convection?
Air collects heat and rises, it releases this heat and falls back down to collect more heat
47
What is the function of an egg shell?
Prevents dehydration Keeps egg intact Protection
48
What are the pros to endothermy?
Can live in colder environments | Can be active at night
49
What are the cons of endothermy?
Highly metabolically costly
50
What are the pros to ectothermy?
Can occupy environments with less food | Less metabolically costly
51
What are the cons to ectothermy?
Limited to certain environments, times of day and times of year
52
What were the earliest tetrapods?
Icthyostega | Acanthostega
53
What is special about icthyostega and acanthostega?
Pelvic and pectoral girdles present | Amphibian like, still water dependent
54
What is the fish-tetrapod intermediate?
Tiktaalik
55
What is special about tiktaalik?
Head bends No operculum Larger ribs Fish-tetrapod intermediate
56
What are the two hypothesis for the evolution of temporal fenestrations?
Original: provided more surface area for jaw muscle attachment New: More muscles and muscle attachments allow for better chewing of food
57
What are the reasons for movement to land?
Searching for food Dispersal of juveniles Laying eggs in moist environments (less predation) Basking in sun
58
Why is basking in the sun evolutionary advantageous?
It would raise body temp Higher body temp = faster digestion Faster digestion = faster growth
59
What are temporal fenestration?
Opening in temporal bone
60
What groups are anapsid?
Turtles and primitive amniotes
61
What groups are synapsids?
Mammals
62
What groups are diapsids?
Reptiles and brids
63
What are the four extraembryonic membranes and their functions?
Chorion - Surrounds everything in the egg Allantois - Waste bucket of the cell Amnion - Keeps the body suspended Yolk sac - Secretes enzymes that digest the yolk
64
What is paedomorphosis?
Adult retains juvenille characteristics
65
What is a case of paedomorphosis in salamanders?
Retention of the lateral lines and external gills
66
What are the three main groups of amphibians?
Anurans - frogs and toads Urodeles or caudates - salamanders Gymnophionans - caecilians
67
What are the characteristics that all amphibians share?
Moist permeable skin | Carnivorous
68
What are the characteristics of anurans?
Long hindlegs with strong muscles | Fused tibia and fibula
69
What are the causes of amphibian population decline?
Global warming Habitat loss UV radiation Diseases
70
What is the pelvic patch?
Highly vascularized skin that absorbs water from surface
71
What is the adaptative advantage of having different larval and adult stages?
Occupy different niches | Less competition for food
72
What are he different stages of metamorphosis?
Premetamorphosis Prometamorphosis Metamorphic climax
73
What happens during premetamorphosis?
Tadpoles increase in size with little change in form
74
What happens in prometamorphosis?
Hind legs appear | Body continues to grow
75
What happens during metamorphic climax?
Forelegs emerge and tail regresses
76
What are the different ways of water conservation used by frogs?
Pelvic patch is used to absorb water through the skin | Urinary bladder can store hyposmolal urine and weigh 30% of body mass
77
What does it mean to have hyposmolal urine?
Urine is hyposmolal to the blood | Water can be reabsorbed from the urine to replace what is lost through evaporation
78
What are the two possible origins of turtles?
Origin from parareptiles | Anapsid trait is seondary derived
79
What is the origin from parareptiles hypothesis for turtles?
They are a remenant of primitive form of reptiles
80
What is the second hypothesis for turtle origin?
The anapsod trait of turtles is a secondary derived trait | More popular one
81
What is the challenge of breathing for turtles?
They can not expand their thoracic cavity because of their shell
82
How do turtles breath?
Abdominal muscles constrict and contract which pushes the visceral organs towards the diaphragm creating pressure This is used for both inhalation and exhalation
83
What are the top and the bottom pieces of a turtle shell called?
Top - carapace | Bottom - plastron
84
How long have turtles been around?
Since the triassic period
85
How do turtles maintain their body temperature?
Basking
86
How does turtle lifespan affect their population size?
A longer lifespan means that it takes longer for turtles to sexually mature, makes it harder to maintain population size

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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