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Vertebrate Zoology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What groups are amniotes?

A

Reptiles and mammals

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2
Q

What groups are non-amniotes?

A

Fish and amphibians

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3
Q

What is the importance of the amniotic egg?

A

Allowed for reproduction independent of water

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4
Q

What are the different extraembryonic membranes?

A

Yolk sac - secretes enzymes to digest yolk
Amnion - keeps embryo suspended
Chorian - Surrounds everything in the egg
Allatnois - wastebucket of the egg

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5
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Fewest evolutionary steps

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6
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Similar structures that arose seperately

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7
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures that arose separately from convergent evolution

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8
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Shared structures that were passed down from an ancestor

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9
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

Second opening of embryo becomes the mouth during development

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10
Q

What are protostomes?

A

First opening of embryo becomes the mouth during development

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11
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of chordates?

A 
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits or pouches
Dorsal hollow nervous system
Post anal tail
Endostyle or thyroid gland
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12
Q

What are the different non-vertebrate chordate subphylums?

A

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

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13
Q

What are urochordatas?

A

Tunicates

Tail is present in larva for locomotion

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14
Q

What are cephalochordates?

A

Amphioxus and Lancelets

Notochord extends to the head to provide stability

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15
Q

What does it mean to be pelagic?

A

Live in open ocean

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16
Q

What does “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” mean?

A

Developmental changes give great insight into phylogeny

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17
Q

What are mesentaries?

A

Sheets of peritoneum that suspend the gut in the peritoneal cavity in coelomates
Connects arteries, veins and nerves to the intestine

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18
Q

What is dermal bone?

A

More primitive, formed in the skin

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19
Q

What is endochndrial bone?

A

Formed inside the cartilage

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20
Q

What are the possible reasons for bone evolution?

A

Protection
Shield of electroreceptors in the head
Stores and regulates calcium and phosphorus

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21
Q

What are agnathans?

A

Lack jaws

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22
Q

What is the extant group of agnathans?

A

Cyclostomes

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23
Q

What orders make up the group cyclostomes?

A

Myxinodea - hagfish

Petromyzontia - lamprey

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24
Q

What does it mean to be anadromous?

A

Live in lakes or oceans and bread in streams

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25
What was the importance of fin evolution?
Bring stability to a streamlined body Pectoral fins help maintain depth Resists roll, pitch and yaw
26
What is an estuary?
Meeting of salt water and fresh water
27
What are the two theories of fin evolution?
Gill arch theory | Fin-fold theory
28
What is the Gill arch theory?
Part of the gill arch began to expand and become fin | Doesn't explain pelvic girdle and fin
29
What is the fin-fold theory?
Skin folds arose around the lateral lines and eventually split into two fins
30
What is a spiracle?
Modified gill | Allows oxygenated water to be brought in from top of head
31
What is a heterocercal tail?
Top half of the tail is larger than the bottom | Helps lift the posterior of the body
32
What did jaws originate from?
First gill arch
33
Why did jaws evolve?
Help in forceful ventilation | As organisms became larger they needed more oxygen, beginning of jaws allowed for suction
34
What are the challenges of living in water?
Water is more viscous than air Much less Oxygen Temperature fluctuates less
35
What are the benefits to living in water?
Neutral bouyancy Can grow large with little regard to gravity Good electrical conductor
36
What is ram ventilation?
Swimming with mouth open to bring water in
37
What is buccal pumping?
Bringing water in through the mouth and out through the gills
38
What is an operculum?
Covering of gill slits | Protects sensitive tissue
39
What is thermo countercurrent exchange?
Arteries run close to veins so the arteries can warm up the blood as they pass each other
40
What is repiratory countercurrent exchange?
Blood flows opposite of water in the gills, as water passes, oxygen diffuses from water into the blood
41
What is facultative air breathing?
Breathing air is not required | Used when Oxygen levels are low
42
What is obligatory air breathing?
Must breath air
43
How do fish adjust bouyancy?
Lungs can be used as swim bladder | Sharks use liver for bouyancy, up to 25% of BW
44
What is physostomous?
Gas is added from gut
45
What is physoclitous?
Gas is added from blood
46
What is the lateral line system?
Surface receptor system that goes from the head to the tail along the side of fish and amphibians
47
What does it mean to be isomolal?
Osmolarity inside and outside fish are the same
48
What does it mean to be hyposmolal?
Lower osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside | Bony fish
49
What does it mean to be hyperosmolal?
Higher osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside | Sharks
50
What does it mean to be a stenohaline?
Narrow salinity tolerance
51
What does it mean to be a euryhaline?
Wide salinity tolerance
52
What does ammonotelism mean?
Direct excretion of ammonia | Vertebrates in aqueous medium
53
What does ureotelism mean?
Excretion in the form of urea | Done in mammals
54
What does uricotelism mean?
Nitrogen is excreted in form of uric acid | Reptiles and birds
55
How does temperature effect organisms?
Higher temperatures mean a higher metabolism
56
What is Q10?
Change is rate over a change in temperature by 10C
57
What is standard metabolic rate?
Minimum rate of oxygen consumption needed to sustain life
58
What are ectotherm?
Heat is gained from external source
59
What are endotherms?
Heat is produced by internal factors
60
What is regional heterothermy?
Different parts of the body are kept at different temperatures
61
What is the main filtration organ of the nephron?
Glomerulus
62
What are the reasons that viviparity would have evolved?
Increased predation on eggs and reduced hatching success due to temperature and moisture
63
What are the steps needed for viviparity to evolve?
Increased egg retention Decrease thickness of egg shell to allow gas exchange in body Increase vascularization to uterus
64
What are claspers?
Male mating structures of sharks
65
What is viviparity?
Giving birth to live young
66
What is oviparity?
Give birth by laying eggs
67
What is lecithotrophic?
Nutrients come from the yolk inside the egg | One lump sum
68
What is matrotrophic?
Nutrients come as you need them
69
What are placoid scales?
Bony spikey scales covered in an enamel like covering on shark
70
What is gestation?
Pregnancy
71
What is parturition?
The act of giving live birth
72
What is oviposition?
The act of laying eggs
73
What are hyolistic jaws?
Upper jaw is freely suspended, | can move
74
What is ovulation?
Egg is released from the ovary
75
What does it mean to be catadromous?
Lives in fresh water and spawns in marine water
76
What are the benefits of pelagic spawning?
Reduced predation from adults in the parental habitat Dispersal of offspring Higher productivity in sunlit surface of open waters
77
What are protrusible jaws?
Specialized jaws that are used for suction feeding | Both top and bottom jaw move
78
What are the challenges to terrestrial living?
``` Locomotion Eating Reproduction Sensory systems Water conservation Body temperature control ```
79
Why is locomotion a challenge on land?
Organisms need to support themselves in order to move
80
What are the axial system adaptations that terrestrial organisms have?
Zygapophyses Cervical vertebrae Sacral vertebrae
81
What are the appendicular adaptations that allow for locomotion?
Limbs and girdles
82
What is the challenge of eating on land?
Terrestrial animals have to use their teeth, jaws, tongues and cheeks to manipulate food Can no longer use suction
83
What is the function of salivary glands?
Lubricates food, dissolves surface chemicals for taste, enzymes and venom
84
What is the function of the tongue?
Manipulate food and move it towards pharynx
85
What is the organ of Corti?
Inner ear hearing organ
86
What is cutaneous respiration?
Gas exchange through the skin
87
What are proprioreceptors?
Sensory receptors that give information regarding position and movement
88
What is a vomernasal organ?
Jacobson's organ An olfactory organ Chemicals are brought in by the tongue and wiped against it
89
What are the four ways of heat exchange?
Evaporation - sweat draws heat from skin to evaporate Conduction - two solid surfaces touch and exchange heat Convection - air collects heat, rises, loses it, then falls Radiation - radiant heat
90
What are the benefits to being an ectotherm?
Can occupy enviornments with less food resources | Less metabolically costly
91
What are the cons of ectothermy?
Limited to certain enviornments, times of day and times of year
92
What are the pros of endothermy?
Can live in colder environments | Can be active at night
93
What are the cons of endothermy?
Highly metabolically costly
94
What are the hypothesized reasons that transition to land occured?
Searching for food Dispersal of juveniles Laying eggs in moist environments - less predation Basking in sun to raise metabolism
95
What are the three types of temporal fenestrations?
Anapsids - no opening (turtles and primitive amniotes) Synapsid - one opening (mammals) Diapsids - two openings (reptiles and birds)
96
What is the hypothesis for why temporal fenestrations exist?
More muscles and muscle attachments allow for better chewing of food
97
What is paedomorphosis?
Adult retains juvenille characteristics
98
What are the three main groups of amphibians?
Anurans - frogs and toads Urodeles or caudates - salamanders Gymnophonians - caecilians
99
What is the adaptive significance of having different larval and adult stages?
Occupy different niches | Less competition for food
100
What are the causes of amphibian population decline?
Global warming Habitat loss UV radiation Diseases
101
What are the challenges of breathing for turtles?
Turtles can not expand their thoracic cavity
102
How do turtles overcome their challenge of breathing?
They create positive and negative pressure, abdominal muscles constrict and contract which pushes the visceral organs towards diaphragm
103
What are the top and the bottom pieces of a turtle shell called?
Top - carapace | Bottom - plastron
104
What are the two groups that make up Lepidosaurs?
Sphenodontidae | Squamates
105
What is the group sphenodontidae comprised of?
Tuatara
106
What suborders make up squamates?
Inguania | Scleroglossans
107
What is a characteristic of the inguania suborder?
Muscular tongues
108
What is a characteristic of the scleroglossan suborder?
Hard tongues
109
What makes up scleroglossans?
Geckos and skinks Amphisbaenians Serpentes
110
What are amphisbaenians?
Burrowing lizards and legless lizards
111
What does it mean to be fossorial?
Have adaptations that aid in digging and burrowing
112
What is parthenogenesis?
Virgin birth | Female produces diploid eggs
113
Why are birds thought to be closely related to crocodiles?
Oviparous Parental care Vocalization between hatchlings and parent Adult vocalization during courtship and territorial displays
114
What were the earliest evidence of feathers?
Single hollow feathers
115
What were the functions of early feathers?
Sensory Insulation Social interactions
116
What were the two theories for origin of flight?
Arboreal | Terrestrial
117
What is the arboreal theory of flight?
From trees down | Tree climbers jumping from tree to tree and eventually gliding
118
What is the terrestrial theory of flight?
From ground up Bipedal runners used wings to lighten the load while running Flapping of wings helped in horizontal jumping after prey
119
What is the importance of the archeopteryx?
Earliest known bird with flight feathers
120
What is specific dynamic action (SDA)?
Heat production as a result of increased metabolic rate as a response to feeding
121
What are the heat producing and conserving mechanisms that endotherms use?
Specific dynamic action Skeletal muscles produce heat Hair and feathers
122
What is the thermal neutral zone?
Range of temperatures where metabolism can remain relatively constant to maintain that temp
123
What is zone of tolerance?
Range of environmental temperatures where the body temp can be kept stable
124
What are the different types of feathers?
``` Contour Semiplumes Down Bristles Filoplumes ```
125
What is the function of contour feathers?
Body and flight feathers
126
What is the function of semiplume feathers?
Below contour feathers | Provide thermal insulation
127
What is the function of down feathers?
Provide insulation
128
What is the function of bristle feathers?
Tectile sensation Filter out particles from nostrils and eyes Base of bill, around eyes
129
What is the function of filoplumes?
Sensory structures
130
What is the adaptive significance of having bright feathers?
Indicate good nutrition Resistance to parasites Ability to avoid predators
131
What is monogamy?
Only one mate
132
What is polygamy?
More than one mate in a breeding season
133
What is polygyny?
One male mates with multiple females
134
What is polyandry?
One female mates with multiple mates
135
How is cheating beneficial to both sexes?
Increases fitness of its offspring by mating with better genetics Offspring with increased variability
136
How does cheating benefit males?
More offspring Other males care for his offspring Increased reproductive success by spreading eggs over multiple nests
137
How does cheating benefit females?
Reduce risk that some eggs may not be fertilized Sexy son hypothesis Quasi nest parasitism
138
What is the sexy sons hypothesis?
Mating with more attractive males will mean your sons will be more attractive and be able to mate more
139
What does it mean to be precocial?
Young hatch feathered and self sufficient | Wood ducks
140
What does it mean to be altricial?
Young hatch naked and dependent on parents for food and thermoregulation
141
What is heterogametic sex chromosomes?
Males have two of the same chromosomes (ZZ)
142
Why has viviparity not evolved
Since birds are warm blooded they can keep the eggs warm with their bodies or the environment
143
What are the possible benefits of lactation?
Milk provides nutrients and early immune | Milk has antimicrobial protperties
144
What are the possible origins of lactation?
Modified sweat glands Secretion arose as an immune response Secretion covered the newly hatched young Increase in secretion amount and nutrients benefit young if ingested
145
What does it mean to be diphyodont?
Two sets of teeth
146
What is pinna?
External ear
147
What does it mean to show heterdont?
Teeth show variation
148
What are the skeletal modifications and their relation to metabolic rate?
Larger temporal fenestra Zygomatic arch - indicates presence of masseter Specialized teeth Development of a secondary palate - seperates mouth from nose for breathing Position of limbs - greater movement
149
What are the different groups of mammals?
Monotremes Placentals Marsupials
150
What are the different families in monotremes?
Ornithorhynchidae - platypus | Tachyglossidae - echidna
151
What are the different families in marsupials?
Amaridelphia - opossums | Australidelphia - Tasmanian wolf, wombats
152
What are the different families in placentals?
``` Sirenia - manatees Proboscidea - elephants Lagomorpha - rabbits, hares, pikas Rodentia - rats Primates Chiroptera - bats Carnivora Cetacea - dolphins and whales Perissodactyla Artiodactlya ```
153
What are preissodactlya?
Odd toed ungulates | Horses, rhinos and tapir
154
What are artiodactyla?
Even toed ungulates | Hippo, camels, deer, giraffe
155
What are the benefits to the pouch?
Offspring can gas exchange on its own | You can bale on offspring at any point for your own benefit
156
What is a trophoblast?
Extraembryonic tissue that helps transfer nutrients from the uterus
157
What is the reproductive difference of monotemes?
Seperate oviducts and uterus | They are lateral to the bladder
158
What is the reproductive process of monotremes?
Eggs are retained and nourished for some time before the leathery shell is secreted Lay eggs 1-2 eggs and hatch after a short period
159
What are hindguy ferementers?
Perissodactyls Have a larger cecum where microbes are kept to breakdown cellulose Do corpophagy
160
What is corpophagy?
Eating your feces to better extract nutrients, done because cellulose is broken down in large intestine, not small intestine
161
What are foregut ferementers?
Cows Fermentation occurs in the rumen and the reticulum Regurgitated and rechewed multiple times
162
What are the four chambers of the stomach?
Rumen Ruticulum Omassum Abosmasum
163
What are the pros of foregut fermenters?
Microorganisms do upfront work of nutrient breakdown | Detoxify plant toxins
164
What are the cons of foregut fermenters?
Slower
165
What are the pros of hindgut fermenters?
Recieves nutrients immediately | Faster processing time
166
What are the cons of hindgut fermenters?
Must chew the food more

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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