Exam 1 Flashcards by Micci Levy

Change that occurs over a long period of time

secular trend

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The belief that a mental disorder can be attributed to bodily malfunction or imbalance

Somatogenesis

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A group of behaviors or symptoms likely to occur together

Syndrome

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The belief that mental problems are caused by psychological variables

Psychogensis

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Law that states that behavior is shaped by its consequences

Law of effect

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Approach that emphasizes the combination of learning principles and social context

Social learning perspective

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Approach that emphasizes the combination of learning principles and cognition

cognitive-behavorial perspective

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A shared perspective or framework consisting of a set of assumptions and conceptions that guide the work of a group of scientists

paradigm

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An integrated set of propositions that explains phenomena and guides research

theory

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variables interrelate to produce an outcome. One factor interacts with another factor

interactional models

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Conceptualizes the multiple causes of psychopathology as the working together of a vulnerability factor and a stress factor

vulnerability-stress model

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Development occurs via transactions between an individual and the environment

transactional models

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development occurs over time as systems interact or enter into ongoing transactions with each other

systems models

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Perspective interested in the origins and developmental course of disordered behavior as well as adaptation and competence. Integrates the understanding and study of normal development processes with those of psychopathology.

developmental psychopathology perspective

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Consideres disorders to be discrete entities that result from specific and limited biological causes within the individual

medical model

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Variable X leads straight to outcome

direct effect

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Variable X influences other variables that in turn lead to outcome

indirect effect

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a factor or variable that explains or brings about an outcome by indirect means

mediator

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a variable that influences the direction or the strength of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable

moderator

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must be present for disorder to occur

necessary causes

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can be responsible alone for a disorder

sufficient cause

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not always necessary or sufficient for cause

contributing causes

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Diverse factors can be associated with the same outcome, many starting points to one end point

equifinality

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an experience may function differently depending on a host of other influences that may lead to different outcomes, One starting point with many ending points

multifinality

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Variables that precede and increase the chance of psychological impairments

risks

Tendency to respond maladaptively to life circumstances

vulnerability

Positive outcome in the face of risk, ability to resist or overcome life's adversities

resilience

symptoms change with development, symptoms are different throughout lifetime

heterotypic continuity

Stable symptoms throughout development, Symptoms look the same throughout lifetime

homotypic continuity

A strong socioemotional bond between individuals. Usually discussed in terms of the child-parent or child-caretaker relationship, viewed as having a strong influence on a child's development

attachment

Type of attachment where infants when distressed by caregiver separation seek contact with her upon her return, react positively, and use the caregiver as a secure base from which they venture forth to explore the environment

Secure attachment

Type of attachment where infants fail to use the caregiver as a resource to cope with stress.

Insecure attachment

Infant gives fewer signals of distress and ignores the caregiver

Avoidant attachment

Infant displays distress and makes ineffective attempts to seek contact with the caregiver

Resistant attachment

Type of attachment that reflects the lack of a consistent strategy to organize behavior under stressful situations. Infants seem apprehensive and they display contradictory behavior that may be misdirected or atypical. Associated with child maltreatment and poor parenting

Disorganized Attachment

Basic disposition or makeup

Temperament

How a child's behavioral tendencies fit with parental characteristics and other environmental circumstances

goodness-of-fit

Reactive children should not only be more affected than other youth by adversities but also by advantageous environments

differential susceptibility hypothesis

Relatively brief or as more general mood states that vary in intensity and that are experienced as positive or negative

emotions

The three elements of emotions

1) private feelings of sadness, joy, anger, disgust etc. 2) autonomic nervous system arousal and bodily reactions 3) overt behavioral expressions such as smiles, scowls, and drooping shoulders

Thinking about the social world. How individuals take in, understand and interpret social situations and then how behavior is then affected. How it can contribute to maladaptive behavior

social cognitive processing

The brain and the spinal cord

Central nervous system

Nerves outside of the central nervous system that transmit messages to and from it

peripheral nervous system

A collection of glands intricately involved in bodily functions through the release of hormones

endocrine system

A toxic substance that may cause damage to the developing fetus is know as

Teratogen

Has two branches the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems and is the part of the nervous system that helps regulate arousal and emotions

autonomic nervous system

Watson and Rayner's study of little Albert is an example of how what kind of conditioning may explain how fear is acquired

Classical conditioning

A depressed child views herself as less capable than her peers whereas others do not view her this way. This is an example of

cognitive distortion

The exposure of the developing fetus to alcohol is an example of

Parental influence

Operant conditioning emphasizes the what of behavior

consequences

In an ecological model of development which contexts would be expected to have relatively more impact

proximal

In defining child maltreatment an act of omission by a parent or caregiver that involves failure or delay in providing care or supervision

neglect

The most common form of child maltreatment is

neglect

The study of genetic influences on individual differences in behavior

behavior genetics

The designated individual whose relatives are assessed to determine whether an attribute occurs in other member of the individual's family.

index case, or proband

The degree to which genetic influence accounts for variance in behavior among individuals in the population studied

heritability

Influences that contribute to family members developing in similar ways

shared environmental influences

Influences that are different for children growing up in the same family and result in siblings being different from each other

non-shared environmental influences

Conditioning in which an individual learns to respond to stimulus that previously did not elicit the response

Classical conditioning

Conditioning in which a positive consequence of a behavior will strengthen the behavior while a negative consequence will weaken it

operant learning

Learning that occurs through viewing the behavior of others. Modeled behavior can be presented in live or symbolic form

observational learning

Perspective that incorporates cognition, emotion, behavior and social factors. Assumes that behaviors are learned and maintained by the interaction of internal cognitions and emotions with external environmental events.

cognitive-behavioral perspective

Sets of attitudes, goals, and patterns of parenting practices that affect outcomes for children and adolescents

parenting styles

Set and enforce standards considerate of children's needs. Encourage independence and individuality

Authoritative

Make few demands for mature behavior. Allow children to regulate themselves. Tolerate children's impulses

Indulgent/permissive

Strictly set rules which can not be challenged. Parents encourage independence and individuality

Authoritarian

Uninvolved. Parents lack emotional commitment to their children

Neglectful

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation or an act of failure to act which presents an eminent risk of serious harm.

Child abuse

Modifications in culture resulting from cultures coming into contact with each other

acculturation

Research that tests the specific hypotheses derived from theoretical notions.

hypothesis testing

Choosing each participant by chance

random selection

Clinical populations that are unlikely to represent the entire population

Selection Bias

A specified set of observable operations that are measurable and that allow one to define some concept.

Operational Definition

A term that is used in several different ways all of which address issues of correctness, meaningfulness, and relevancy.

Validity

Data would be similar, or consistent, if measures were taken again under similar circumstances

reliable

Directly observing individuals in their "real world"

Naturalistic Observation

The extent to which different raters agree on a particular diagnosis or measurement

inter-rater reliability

The extent to which research findings can be attributed to the experimental manipulation

Internal validity

The degree to which findings of an investigation can be generalized to other populations and situations

External validity

Experiment that is similar to randomized experiments, but the participants are not randomly selected

Quasi-experimental

The probability that the finding is not due to mere chance

statistically significant

The study of the occurrence and distribution of a disorder within a population.

Epidemiology

Research approach which assumes that events are best understood when they are observed in context and from a personal frame of reference. Uses in-depth interviews and intensive case studies

qualitative research

A scheme of classifications

taxonomy

Evaluation of children to assist in the process of classification and diagnosis and in part to direct intervention

assessment

A discrete grouping

Exam 1 Flashcards

(98 cards)