Exam 2 Flashcards by Micci Levy

What are the four categories of symptoms required for the current DSM diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder?

Reexperiencing
Avoidance
Negative alterations in cognition and mood
Arousal and reactivity

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5 Symptoms of Reexperiencing

Disturbing memories of the traumatic event
Recurrent distressing trauma-related dreams
Prolonged or intense psychological distress
Physiological reactions in response to cues that are reminders of the event
Dissociative reactions

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2 Symptoms of Avoidance

Persistant efforts to avoid trauma-related thought or feelings
Avoidance of external stimuli associated with the trauma

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7 Symptoms of Negative alterations in cognitions and mood

Difficulty in remembering important aspects of the traumatic event
Distorted thought about the causes or consequences of the traumatic event
Diminished interest in significant activities
Persistent negative emotional states
Persistent inability to experience positive emotions
Exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations
Feelings of detachment from others

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7 Symptoms alteration in arousal and reactivity

Irritable behavior
Angry outbursts
Reckless behavior
Heightened vigilance
Exaggerated startle responses
Concentration difficulties
Sleep disturbances

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Three different ways that parents may influence the development of anxiety through environmental paths

Pathway one = Classical conditioning
Pathway two = Parents prompt model and reinforce anxious behaviors
Pathway three= Transmission of information

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Example of pathway one

Child is exposed to a threatening event developing fear and is reinforced in this behavior by avoiding the event

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Example of pathway two

A child may approach an object that causes fear in the mother and after seeing mother’s reaction the child developes the fear

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Example of pathway three

A child is more afraid of a stimuli that they have heard threatening things about

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Name five treatment strategies that are often included in cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

Relaxation procedures
Use of coping models 
Teaching problem-solving models
Homework assignments
Education about anxiety and emotions

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The large category of disorders- many of which are often were traditionally referred to as neuroses - in which the problems exhibited seem directed more at the self then at others

internalizing disorders

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Alarm reaction to future oriented concerns

Worry

anxiety

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Immediate reaction to current threat

fear

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Thoughts about possible negative outcomes that are intrusive and difficult to control

worry

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Excessive fears that cannot be reasoned away, are beyond voluntary control, lead to avoidance and interfere with functioning

phobia

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A marked fear of, or anxiety regarding a specific object or situation.

specific phobia

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Persistent fear of acting in an embarrassing or humiliating way in social or performance situations

Social Phobia

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when someone does not talk in social situations

Selective Mutism

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Anxiety regarding separation from a major attachment figure and/or home

Separation Anxiety Disorder

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Excessive anxiety regarding school attendance which results in the child not attending school

school refusal

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The assessment of variables that might influence the occurrence and maintenance of behavior.

functional analysis

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Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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A discrete period of intense fear or terror that has a sudden onset and reaches a peak quickly

panic attack

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anxiety about being in a situation in which escape may be difficult or embarrassing

agoraphobia

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Recurrent unexpected panic attacks

panic disorder

An event outside everyday experience that would be distressing to almost anyone

trauma

Marked emotional or behavioral symptoms of distress that a person develops in response to an identifiable stressor and which interfere with important ares of functioning

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Alterations in self-awareness

dissociation

Unwanted, repetitive, intrusive thoughts that are not simply excessive real-life concerns and that cause considerable distress or anxiety

obsessions

repetitive, stereotyped behaviors that someone feels forced to perform and that are meant to reduce anxiety or prevent a dreaded event

compulsions

Involves both obsessions, compulsions or both

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A chronic disorder with a genetic and neuroanatomical basis characterized by motor and vocal tics and related urges

Tourette syndrome

Sudden, rapid, recurrent, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations

tics

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections

PANDAS

Sudden onset or exacerbation of OCD symptoms following infection

PANDAS

hypervigilant of their environment, particularly in novel or unfamiliar situations, and extremely likely to withdraw from unfamiliar people or events

behavioral inhibition

temperamental dimension characterized by a general and persistent negative mood

negative affectivity

Parent/child interactions that anticipate threats, overly regulate, and limit children's activities, and instruct children how to think and feel

overprotective/intrusive parenting

Training that teaches individuals to be aware of their physiological and muscular reactions to anxiety, and provides them with skills to control these reactions

relaxation training

combination of relaxation training and exposure to feared situations

desensitization

A commonly employed behavioral procedure

modeling

Use of procedures that seek to modify behavior by altering the causal relationship between stimulus and response events, for example, modifying a particular outcome or consequence of a behavior

contingency management

Child or adolescent is gradually exposed to the situation that causes anxiety and the compulsive ritual is averted by helping the youngster resist the urge to perform the ritual

exposure with response prevention

disorder in which the sad mood and other features usually considered essential to diagnosis of depression frequently were not present.

masked depression

One mood is experienced, usually depression

unipolar mood disorder

Two mood are experienced, depression and mania

bipolar mood disorder

presence of one or more major depressive episodes

Major Depressive Disorder

A milder persistant chronic type of depression

Dysthymic Disorder

instances in which both chronic and less sever depression and major depressive episodes are present.

double depression

Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood

A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands

cortisol

Tendency to experience negative emotions, be sensitive to negative stimulus, and be wary and vigilant

negative affectivity

Qualities such as approach, energy, sociability, and sensitivity to reward cues.

positive affectivity

When someone as a result of their learning history, comes to perceive themself as having little control of the environment

learned helplessness

The way an individual thinks about or explains actions and outcomes

attributional (explanatory) style

The tendency to catastrophize, overgeneralize, personalize and selectively attend to negative events

cognitive distortions

Challenging and changing problematic cognitions

cognitive restructuring

Medication for depression that prevents the reabsorption of serotonin thus allowing it to remain in the synapse longer making it more available to the brain

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

no longer meeting diagnostic criteria or cutoff scores

remission

activities that encourage the participants to be active and do pleasant things

behavioral activation

Disorder that involves the presence of mania as well as depressive symptoms

Bipolar Disorder

A period of abnormally, persistently elevated or irritable mood and increased energy or activity that is also persistent

mania

mood that is characterized by features such as inflated self-esteem, high rates of activity, speech and thinking, distractibility, and exaggerated feelings of physical and mental well being.

euphoric mood

Education that seeks to inform the patient and family about the disorder, its likely course, and the nature of treatment

psychoeducation

imitation or increased suicidal behavior

contagion

A legal term used in the criminal justice system to describe youth who exhibit conduct problems/antisocial behavior

delinquency

Individuals who display a persistent pattern of aggressive and antisocial behavior after the age of 18. Behavior is characterized by a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disorder that is described by a pattern of symptoms that are grouped into three clusters: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior and vindictiveness

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Disorder with a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates both the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms

Conduct Disorder

Behavioral disorders in which the problems exhibited seem directed at others

externalizing problems

Confrontational antisocial behaviors like fighting and temper tantrums

overt conduct problems

concealed, antisocial behaviors like fire setting, stealing and truancy

covert conduct problems

Behaviors intended to damage another individual's feelings or friendships.

relational aggression

Extreme form of physical aggression

violence

Characterized by an imbalance of power and involves intentionally and repeatedly causing fear, distress, or harm to someone who has difficulty defending him or herself

bullying

Higher order cognitive functions that play a role in information processing and problem solving

executive functions

A characteristic associated with antisocial personality disorder and is described as a pattern of traits such as a lack of empathy; a deceitful, arrogant, manipulative interpersonal style and an impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style

psychopathy

Attributes such as lack of guilt, lack of empathy, and callous use of others for one's own gain

callous/unemotional traits

Life-course persistent antisocial behavior. Less common than other pathways

childhood-onset developmental pattern

More common conduct disorder pathway. Individuals who exhibit this disorder exhibit little oppositional or antisocial behavior in childhood.

adolescent-onset developmental pattern

A process in which a noxious or aversive behavior of one person is rewarded by another person

coercion

an interrelated set of skills: accurately tracking and classifying problem behaviors, ignoring trivial coercive events and using effective consequences when necessary to back up demands and requests

parental discipline

Important to the prevent the development and persistence over time of antisocial behavior

parental monitoring

Angry hot blooded retaliatory response to perceived provocation or frustration

reactive aggression

not associated with anger and is characterized by deliberate aversive behaviors like starting fights, bullying and teasing that are orientated to specific goals or supported by positive environmental outcomes

Proactive aggression

related to the emotions fear and anxiety and tends to stop action in novel or fearful situations or under conditions of punishment or non-reward

behavioral inhibition system

Tends to promote behavior in the presence of reinforcement it is associated with reward seeking and pleasurable emotions

behavioral activation system

Drugs that are considered illegal including marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens and heroine

illicit drugs

Drugs that are legal for adults or by prescription

licit drugs

involve a pattern of behavioral, cognitive, and psychological symptoms that indicate that the individual continues to use the substance despite appreciable substance-related problems

substance use disorders

Conditions of intoxication, withdrawal, and other mental disorders that are due to the recent use of a particular substance.

substance-induced disorders

Treatments are conducted primarily with the parents

parent training

Points and praise are gained for appropriate behavior and are lost for inappropriate behaviors.

token economy

Children displaying this tend to be lethargic, prone to day dreams, confused are more socially withdrawn

sluggish cognitive tempo

The ability to interrupt responses that are already underway and proving ineffective

response inhibition

A motivational problem that is displayed as excessive reward seeking behavior and decreased sensitivity to punishment

sensitivity to reward

The processing of time

temporal processing

Attempts to avoid or escape delay

delay aversion

Exam 2 Flashcards

(98 cards)