Exam 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Structure of the human body
2
Q
Inspection
A
Just looking
3
Q
Palpating
A
Touching
4
Q
Auscultation
A
Listening
5
Q
Percussion
A
Tapping and listening
6
Q
Gross anatomy
A
Study of what is visible to the naked eye
7
Q
Histology
A
Study of stuff under 1mm using microscope
8
Q
Histopathology
A
Tissue under microscope looking for disease
9
Q
Physiology
A
Study of function
10
Q
Comparative physiology
A
Looking at other animals to see learn more about a humans
11
Q
Systems: how many and main organs/functions
A
11
Integumentary like skin for water retention and thermo regulation
Skeletal - bones for structure
Lymphatic - nodes for like immune system
Reproductive - sex organs for making babies
Muscular - skeletal muscles for movement
Respiratory - pharynx larynx trachea breathing
Urinary - bladder and kidneys getting rid of waste
Nervous - brain and spinal chord for regulation and communication
Endocrine - glands for hormones
Circulatory - hheart and blood vessels
Digestive - stomach, intestines etc
12
Q
Hierarchy
A
Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom
13
Q
Situs Inversus
A
When the body organs are switched right to left
14
Q
Standard man/woman
A
Man 22 year old male 154lbs light physical activity Consumes 2800 cal Woman 22 128 2000
15
Q
Characteristics of life
A
Organized Cell(s) Metabolism Responsiveness Reproduce Develop Evolve Homeostasis
16
Q
Legal vs clinical death
A
Legal- is like no heart beat or breathing or reflexes
Clinical - is when all cells are dead cuz organs could be alive when u are “dead”
17
Q
Homeostasis, def and mechanisms
A
Maintenance of internal conditions despite outside environment
Mostly endocrine and nervous system
Sensor/receptor like stretch thing above heart
Integrating/control center - cardiac center of brain
Effector/corrector - Heart mixing it up
18
Q
Negative feedback loop def and example
A
To oppose change and maintain HS
Sweating to oppose overheating
Shivering
Standing up too fast makes you light headed cuz gravity but the brain is like SOS and the heart pumps faster
19
Q
Positive feedback loop
A
Self amplifying and usually harmful for body
Like if your bleeding out your heart beats faster to make up for low BP but then you bleed out faster RIP
But good for birth cuz head against cervix makes oxytocin released which causes uterine contraction repeat till escape
20
Q
Two Major regions
A
Axial - head (cephalic), neck (cervical), Trunk (thoracic and abdominal
Appendicular - upper and lower limbs
21
Q
Look at pics of body maps for regions and parts
A
Rip
22
Q
Abdominal cavity membranes
A
Peritoneum is outer edge
Mesentry is inner?
23
Q
How many elements important
A
24
24
Q
Major element names and percent
A
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium phosphorous Oxygen
98.5
25
Minor elements
```
.8 percent
Sulphur
Potassium
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron
```
26
Minerals
Stuff gotten from eating plants
| Like ca ph
27
Water properties that support life
Universal solvent
Cohesion/surface tension
Adhesion for lubrication
Chemical reactivity for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
Thermal stability high specific heat and good for regulation via sweat n such
28
Hydrolysis
Add a water to break apart two molecules
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Dehydration synthesis
Take out water making two molecules combine
30
Acid vs base
All you need to know is water is neutral
Acid is bellow 7 b
Base is above 7
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Four categories of organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
```
Hydrophilic molecules oxidized as ATP for energy
Types
Monosaccharides 1
Disaccharides 2
Oligosaccharides are like 3-20
Polysaccharides more than 50?
```
33
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
34
Disaccharide
Sucrose - glucose and fructose
Lactose - galactose and glucose
Maltose - glucose and glucose
35
Polysaccharides
Starch - storage for plants
Cellulose - structural for plants
Glycogen is storage for animals
36
Proteins
Polymer of amino acid
Primary secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary structures
Functions are
Structure, communication, immunity, movement
Enzymes, cell adhesion and membrane transport
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Primary structure
First level of proteins where amino acids are bonded with peptide bonds
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Secondary structure
Second level of protein shape
| Alpha helix or beta sheets
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Tertiary structure
Third level of folding for proteins caused by R groups interaction with each other and with surrounding water molecules
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Quaternary
Fourth level of protein structure made by 2 or more polypeptide chains interacting
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Enzymes
Biological catalyst, protein
Lower activation energy so reactions can happen and happen quickly at body temp
Substrate is generic term for specific molecule or thing that enzyme works with
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Lipids
```
Hydrophobic
Carbon hydrogen oxygen
With high ration of h to o
More calories per gram than carbs
5 types are fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eiconoids, steroids
```
43
Fatty acids
Chains of 4 -24 with carboxyl and methyl groups on either end
Saturated has no double bonds because enough hydrogens
Unsaturated has at least one double bond because missing hydrogen
Most are synthesized but "essential" fatty acids are obtained from food like oleic acid
44
Triglycerides
Oils, fats, thermal insulation, shock absorption like adipose tissue
45
Fat vs oil
Oil is polyunsaturated and from plants, liquid at room temp
| Fat is saturated and from animals
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Phospholipids
These are epic like they are amphipathic because they have a phosphate head that is hydrophilic and a fatty acid tail that is hydrophobic so they are clutch for the plasma membrane bilayer for cells
47
Eiconosieids
Hormones like and like prostaglandin which is has a role in inflammation and blood clotting
48
Steroids
4 rings with 17 carbons
Cholesterol
15% diet 85% made
Cortisol, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, bile
49
Cholesterol
Parent steroid cuz like it makes all the other ones
Actually only one kind "liboprotein"
LDL is bad with high ration of lipid to protein
HDL is good with high ration of protein to lipid
50
Desaturation
Irreversible change to shape and function of protein caused by heat or pH change
51
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Nitrogenous base AT CG
Phosphate group and sugar backbone
Nucleotides are the monomers
52
ATP
Nucleic acid with 3 phosphates that are broken off with hydrolysis releasing energy
53
Modern cell theory
All living things have at least one
Cells are simplest things that can function solo
Structure and stuff of organism depends on what types of cells it has
Cells come from other cells so like no spontaneous generation
Cells of all members of species are similar
54
Important cell types/ shapes and their functions
```
Squamous thin and flat for skin
Cuboidal square for liver
Columnar have the brush border
Polygonal has irregular shapes
Stellate - have like nerve projections
Spheroid to ovoid - white blood cells
Discoid red blood cells
Fusiform smooth muscle
Fibrous skeletal muscle and heart
```
55
Human cell size stuff
10-15 micrometers usually
Egg cells are 100
Some nerves over 1 meter
Limit on cell size because too large can't support itself when volume beats surface area, or could rupture
Double size of cell, 4 fold increase in surface area, 8 fold increase in volume
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Components of cell
```
Cell/plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Extracellular fluid
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Cell extension stuff
```
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Plasma membrane
Proteins and lipids
Surrounds whole cell
Phospholipid bilayer
Has integral proteins which go thru for either communication or stuff like channel proteins
Peripheral proteins are on either surface and tether to the cytoskeleton
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Cytoplasm
Is what all the inner stuff "floats" in
| Made of cytosol or ICF
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Cytoskeleton
Structure and movement
Microfillaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
60
Microfilaments
Main support for membrane cuz makes terminal web
| Made of g actin monomers and f actin polymers
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Intermediate filaments
Main structural one
| Also for attaching multiple cells
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Microtubules
Made of tubulin
Come from centrosome
Path for motor proteins to drag shit
Form cilli, flagella, mitotic spindle
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Centriole
Made of 9 microtubules for cell division and basal bodies
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Microvilli
The fold things on cells in investines and such for extra surface area for extra absorption
Brush border
Some of actin filaments that can squeeze stuff toward center of cells
65
Cilia
Hairlike things that are longer than microvilli for movement and sensors
Primary Cilium is a single one that is an antenna
Multiple non-motile cilia - like for sensory cells on nose
Motile cilia beat waves so it like move stuff along a surface
66
Flagella
Like cilia but acts as a tail, only sperm has it in humans
67
Pseudopods
These like are when cells inchworm forward
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Cystic fibrouses
Hereditary thing and you get respiratory tract infections
69
Def of an organelle
Internal structure of a cell that has specialized metabolic stuff
70
Membranous organelles
Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex
71
Nonmembranous organelles
Ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies
72
Nucleus
Largest
Most human cells have one
Anuclear is like red blood cells which don't
Multi-nuclear like skeletal muscles have more than one
Nuclear envelope double envelope with pores
Nuclear lamina it's skeleton formed by proteins and such
Nucleoplasm has chromatin from DNA and nucleoli for ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth vs rough
Attached to nucleus
Made of sacs called cisternae
Rough has ribosomes and makes proteins
Smooth doesn't and makes lipids and steroids
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Ribosomes
Made of proteins and RNA
| Read mRNA and help make more proteins
75
Golgi complex
Makes carbs and finishes structure of protein
Also made of cisternae
Has Golgi vesicles which can bring them to the membrane or to be secreted
Also makes lysosomes
76
Lysosomes
Packages of enzymes from golgi for digesting stuff
Autphagy is when it eats excess stuff or damaged organelles
Can digest foreign stuff
Autolysis is when a cell that isn't needed kills itself
77
Peroxisomes
Made from ER and can neutralize free radicals
| Vesicles
78
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of cell cuz ATP is made her
| Inner membrane sacs call Cristae filled with stuff called matrix
79
Proteosomes
Find tagged proteins and dissasemble them
80
Inclusion bodies
Stored cellular products like fat or glycogen
Or foreign things like pathogens
No membrane
Non essential
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Selectively permeable
Membrane that only lets certain things through
82
Passive vs active transport
Passive/diffusion doesn't take energy because it follows the concentration gradient
83
Types of diffusion
Simple - just passes through membrane usually nonpolar
| Facilitated - through channel or carrier proteins for bigger things and polar things
84
Factors that impact diffusion
```
Concentration gradient
Molecular weight
Temperature
Permeability
Surface area
```
85
Facilitated diffusion
One type of carrier mediated where one comes, binds, goes through following concentration gradient
If concentration rises in high transport in speed rises until reaches transport maximum
86
Three kinds of carrier proteins
Uniport - one at a time one way
Symport - more than one in the same direction
Anti port is more than one in opposite directions
87
Filtration
Is like forcing things through with physical pressure like water through capillaries in the kidney to remove waste
88
Primary active transport
Is like the uniport for calcium into the cell
| Or the sodium potassium pump for exchanging 3 sodium out for 2 potassium in against concentration g
89
Secondary active transport
So like someone piggy backs through with another molecule after that one was pushed out with primary active and is coming back in, co-transport
So like sodium has higher concentration outside and is pushed out with energy, then sodium passively comes back in but the glucose molecule sneaks in too against its conc gradient
90
Ligand
General name for the specific molecule that gets bound to the carrier protein
91
Vesicular transport
Endocytosis is when like a part of PM pinches off inwards bringing stuff in with it
Phagocytosis is for when it eats stuff
Pinocytosis isn't when it drinks stuff
Receptor-mediated is when things bind to proteins on outside first then are pulled in
Exocytosis is when it is in reverse
Transcytosis - when vesicles basically goes all the way through a cell
92
Gregor Mendel
Had peas and discovered heredity
93
James Watson and Francis Clark proposed double helix structure of DNA based on work done by Rosalind Frankli
Yup
94
Purines
Adenine and guanine
95
Pyrimidenes
Cytosine
Thimine
Uracil
96
DNA base pairs
AT
| GC
97
RNA
AU
| GC
98
Chromatin chromosomes chromatid stuff
Chromatin "uncoiled bowl of noodles"
Chromatid supercoiled right before replication
Chromosome made of one or more chromatid, 23 pairs in human body
99
Get all the pre lab stuff next
Especially all the regions and stuff cuz fuck that mate
100
Frontal plane
Cuts it so like front or back half is missing
101
Transverse plane
Top and bottom half
102
Sagittal plane
Front vs back
103
Ventral
Front/closer to stomach
104
Dorsal
Toward back or spine
105
Anterior
Toward ventral or front again
106
Posterior
Toward the back now y'all
107
Cephalic
Toward the top or superior where head at
108
Rostral
Toward forehead or nose
109
Caudal
Toward tail or inferior end, feet
110
Superior
Above where head
111
Inferior
Below
112
Medial
Is toward like vertical midline plane
113
Lateral
Away from the midline
114
Proximal
Toward the point of attatchement, mostly for like limbs
115
Distal
Far from point of attatchement
116
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
117
Contra lateral
Opposite sides of the body
118
Superficial
Closer to surface
119
Deep
Further from surface
120
Cranial cavity
Hold brain
| Membrane is meninges
121
Vertebral canal
Spinal cord
| Meninges
122
Pleural cavity
Lungs,
| Pleurae is the membrane
123
Pericardial cavity
Holds heart
| Membrane is pericardium
124
Abdominal cavity
Holds digestive organs, spleen and kidney
| Membrane is peritoneum
125
Pelvic Cavity
Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
| Membrane is peritoneum
126
Osmotic potential
Equivalent of concentration gradient for water hence osmosis root duh
127
Osmotic pressure
Pressure required to counter osmosis
128
Hypotonic
What you call the one with higher concentration that stuff is leaving from
Gets tricky in osmosis tho cuz lower concentration of solute is hypotonic to the one with higher conc cuz water is leaving
129
Hypertonic
The one that has a lower conc so stuff is entering
Tricky again for osmosis because the one that has higher concentration of solute has more water entering and is hypertonic to the lower conc
130
Isotonic
When they are at equilibrium
131
Hydrostatic pressure
Is the weight from a column of water like when one side of the membrane is higher than the other
Drives filtration in the body
132
Aquaporin
Channel protein for water
133
Orbital region
Eyes
134
Buccal
Jaw
135
Cervical
Neck
136
Thoracic
Like stuff behind the ribcage
137
Brachial
Shoulder to elbow
138
Femoral
Hip to knee
139
Patellar
Knee
140
Cephalic
Head
141
Popliteal
Back of knee
142
Plantar
Like ball of foot
143
Quadrants
Ab quadrants are like the bodies upper and lower left and right
144
Subcoastal line
Upper horizontal line of abdominal regions that separates epilastic and umbilical region
Just below 10th rib
145
Inter tubercular
Between umbilical and hypo gastric region
| Lower horizontal line
146
Hypochondriac region
Liver and galbladder
147
Umbilical region
Large and small intestine
148
Hypochondriac
Bladder
