Exam 4 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Functions of nervous system 3
A
Sensory input
Integration
Motor output
2
Q
Feedback loop (afferent vs efferent)
A
Afferent are like pathway is for sensory
Efferent pathway is for motor stuff
3
Q
CNS main parts
A
Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
PNS
A
Peripheral nervous system
Everything else so nerves and ganglia
5
Q
Nerve
A
Bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue
6
Q
Ganglion
A
Swelling in nerve for neuron cell bodies
7
Q
Somatic vs visceral
A
Somatic is like skin and everthing else
Visveral is like organs n stuff
8
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
Visceral motor afferent
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
9
Q
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
A
Fight or flight
Para is calming and like digestive regualtory
10
Q
Neuron - 3 functions and main types
A
Excitablity Conductivity Secretion No mitosis Types: Sensory, inter and motor
11
Q
Interneurons
A
Integrating functions for making decisions
12
Q
Axon
A
Comes form soma at axon hillock
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Axon collaterals - branches
13
Q
Terminal arborization
A
Branches make it look like tree at end
14
Q
Synaptic knob
A
Swelling before junciton full of synaptic vessiclas with neurotransmitters
15
Q
Neuroglia
A
1 trillion so like 10:1 compared to neurons Funcitons are Protection Nutrition Precisions
16
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
Type of neuroglia that forms myelin sheath for speeding up transmissonn
Schwann cells
17
Q
Ependymal cells
A
Secrete and circulate Cerebro spinal fluid
Type of neuroglia
18
Q
Microglia
A
Type of neuroglia for healing damaged parts
Similar to white blood cells
19
Q
Astro cytes
A
Most common
Form blood brain barrier
20
Q
Myelin sheath
A
Surrounds nerve fiber and increase conductivity (speed)
21
Q
Nodes of ranvier
A
Exposed area with no meylin sheath f
22
Q
Multiple sclorosis
A
Oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath detiorate and are replaced by scar tissue making it conduct poorly
23
Q
Resting membrane potential for neurons
A
-70
Exciteablitlity from gated ion channels for Na and K
K is most important
24
Q
Voltage vs ligand gated
A
Voltage is when the voltage changes it for allowing na or K
Ligand is just due to nt stuff
25
Action potential and numbers
Resting - 70
Depolarization +35
Repolarization -70
26
Threshold stimulus
Initiattes and makes it go to -55 and lets Na in
27
Repolarization
Na stops entering and k starts leaving, makes negative again
28
Alll or none law
Refers to neuron action potential
| Basically regardless of stimulation it still has same amplitude since at +30 ish the na channels still close
29
Frequncy modulation
Greater stimulus means more frequent action potentials
| So like recruitment is hwen more axons get involved
30
Absoltue and relative refractory period
Absolute means nothing can cause action potential (during an de or repolarization
Relative mans something above threshold stimulus could cause AP
31
Propogation in unmyelinetatd nervss
Ap happens over and over in adjacent parts as it moves down
Conduction without degredation because Amplitude of AP never changes
Basically ap of one is stimulus of next bit
32
Why is it faster with myelin sheath?
It makes it so na/k cant change spots where its covered so it isnt constantly having spikes and bigger sections have AP and only impulse again at NoR called saltatory conduction
33
Excititroy neurotransmitters
```
Make less negative with ligand gates
Acetocholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Glutamate
SODIUM AND CALCIUM CHANNELS
```
34
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Make more negative
Seratonin and dopamine
POTASSIUM AND CHLORINE
35
Meninges of the brain
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia mater
36
Dura mater layers
Periosteall is outer
| Meningeal
37
Arachnoid mater spaces
Subdural
| Subarachnoid
38
Forebrain main parts
Cerebrum
Corpous callosum
Diacephanon -thalamus and hypothalamus
39
Midbrain
Lol in middle
40
Hindbrain main parts
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
41
Grey matter
Has no meylin
Outside of brain, inside of spinal cord
Somas and stuff
42
White matter
Has meylin
Has tracts
Inside of brain, outside of spinal cord
43
Ventricle system details
Two lateral connected to third with interventricular foramen and that conneccts to fourth with cerebral acqueduct then goes to central canal
44
Choroid plexus
Spongey stuff on bottom of ventricles
45
Ependyma
Neuroglia in ventricles, makes CSF
46
CSF
Cerebro spinal fluid
Produced by filtering plasma
Makes brain float in head
Protects
47
Blood brain barrier
Regulates what can get to the brain
Highly permeable to like water and glucose
Slightly for na, k and some waste
Impermeable to drugs and antibiotics
48
Cerebrum
sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions
49
Gyri
Ridges
50
Sulci
Folds
51
Corpus callosum
Bundle of nerves that connects hemispheres
52
Frontal lobe
Voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment,
53
Parietal lobe
Integrates general senses, taste, and some visual information
54
Occipital lobe
Visual center
55
Temporal lobe
hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotioi
56
Insula
spoken language, taste
57
Cerebral cortex
Covers hemispheres
| Is neocortex so has 6 layers
58
Left vs right hemisphere
Math vs music
59
Ooh ooh ooh to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven
```
Olfactory sense
Optic sense
Oculomotor mixed
Trochlear mixed
Triminial Mixed
Abducen mixed
Facial mixed
Vestibulochoclear sensory
Glosopharyngeal mixed
Vagus mixed
Spinal mixed
hypoglosseal mixed
```
60
Spinal cord enlargement
Cervical for upper limbs
| Lumbar for lower limbs
61
Medularray cone
Way the spinal cord tapers at the end
62
Cauda equina
Bundle of fibers from L2 to S5
63
Epideral space
Between dura mater and arachnoid mater in spinal chord where epidural anethesia is administered
64
Subarachnoid space for spinal chord
Has CSF
65
Gray vs white for spinal chord
Gray is deep
66
Gray commisssure
Hole in gray matter for CSF
67
Lateral horns
Sympathetic ns
68
Ascending tracts
For white matter it is sensory pathway
69
Descending tracts
For white matter is motor pathway
70
Ganglion
Cluster of neurosomas outside of cns
71
Posterior root ganglioin
Sensory
72
Anterior root ganglion
Motor
73
Posterior ramus
Innervates muslces
74
Anterior ramus
Starts intercostal nerve in thoracic region
| Forms plexuses elsewheree
75
Meningeal branch
Reenters to inervate the spine
76
Important nerve of cervical plexus
For diaphram
| Phrenic nerve
77
Brachial plexus
Is for upper stuff
| Radial, Median, Ulnar, Axillary Nerve
78
Lumbar plexus
Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Femoral, Obturator and Saphenous nerve
79
Sacral and coccygeal plexus
Supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb
| –Important Nerves: Sciatic, Pudendal, Tibial, and Sural nerve
80
Dermatome
Specific area of skin that conveys sensory info to spinal chord
81
Reflex arc
Basically pathway just to spinal chord and back out so its real fast
82
Types of somatic reflexes
Stretch - shorten if too stretcehd
Tendon - relax if too much tension
WithdrawAL - pain causes contraction and movemetn away
83
Somatic pathway of ans
One motor to skeleltal muslce
84
Autonomci pathway
2 neurons
85
Enteric nervous system
Digestive system
| Doenst go to brain?
86
Acetylcholine
Made by cholinergic neurons
87
Norepinephrine
Made by adrenergic neurons
88
Chlorinergic vs adrenegic receptors
ACth vs NE
89
Gustation
Taste
| Tasting tastants
90
Lingual papillae
Bumps
91
Filiform -
No taste buds
92
Foliate
Weakly developed
93
Fungifrom
Few taste buds like tip and sides
94
Vallate
Or circum vallate
| Has majority of taste buds and is back of toungue v shaped
95
Taste cells
Have tufts of microvili called taste hairs
| Specialized eptithelial cells, not neurons
96
Five tases
```
Salty
Sweet
Umami
Bitter
Sour
```
97
Gustatory path way
Facial, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to medulla oblongata
98
Olfaction
Smell
| Olfactory mucosa has olfactory cells which are neurons
99
Inner ear
Location of hearing and equilibrium
100
Tympanic membrane
Ear drum that is vibrated by air
| At outer ear and sends through auricle and auditory canal
101
Middle ear
```
Starts at tympanic membrane
Sensitive to pain
Maleus
Incus
Stapes
```
102
Eustachian tube
Middle ear to nasopharynx for depressuriing
103
Labrynth
Organ of equilibrium
104
Cochlea
Organ of hearing
105
3 semicircular ducts
Detect angular accelaration
106
2 chambers
Anterior saccule and posterior utricle
| For lateral accelaration
107
Ultraviolet radiation
Too m uch energy to see
108
Infrared radiation
Too little energy to see
109
Palpebrae
Eyelids
110
Lacrimal apparatus
Tear stuff
111
How many muscles move eyeball
6 extrensic
112
Tunics
Outer layer of eye
113
Sclera
Outtermost tunic
| White of eye
114
Cornea
Clear tunic in front that admits light
115
Choroid
Highly pigmented behind eye
116
Cillary body
Supports iris
| Excretes humor
117
Iris
Diaphram conrolling sized of pupilll
118
Cornea
Anteior cover
119
Tunica interna
Begininging of optic nerve
120
Visual pathway
Optic nerves cross then go back to occipital lobe
