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Human Anatomy > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vertebral body

A

Centrum and is spongey bone

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2
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

Collectively the spinal column

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3
Q

Spinous process

A

The part that can be felt or seen through skin

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4
Q

How many invertebral discs?

A

23

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5
Q

Herniated discs

A

Ruptured/slipped disc puts pressure on spinal nerve/cord

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6
Q

Cervical vertebrae special features

A

Bifid spinous process
Large foramina, small bodies
Atlas rotates on the axis

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7
Q

How many thoracic vertebra

A

12

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8
Q

Sacrum

A

Bony thing behind pelvis

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9
Q

Coastal margin

A

Inferior border of ribs

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10
Q

Three parts of sternum top down

A

Manubriom, body, xiphoid

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11
Q

True vs false ribs

A

Direct/independent vs indirect/lack of connection to sternum

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12
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Supports arm
Clavicle is collar bone
Scapula is shoulder blade
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint is clavicle to scapula
Geno - humeral joint is girdle to humeros

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13
Q

Upper limb four regions

A

Brachial upper arm
Antibrachial forearm
Carpus - wrist
Manus - hand

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14
Q

Bone of the upper arm

A

Humeros

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15
Q

Bones of the foreamr

A

Radius is lateral so to thumb

Ulna is medial

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16
Q

Lower limb regions

A

Femoral - thigh
Crural - lower leg
Tarsal - ankle
Pedal - is foot

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17
Q

Bones of the lower leg

A

Fibula - anchor for muscles

Tibia holds a ton

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18
Q

Patella

A

Semasoid muscle in the femoral region as part of the knee cap

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19
Q

Tarsal bones vs tarsal region

A

The bones are technially part of the foot but the tarsal region is where the joint happens

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20
Q

Joint

A

Articulation

Point where to bones meet regardless of movement capabiltilteyt

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21
Q

Major joint categories

A

Bony
Cartiligenous
Synovial
Fibrous

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22
Q

Bony joints

A

When cartligieinoweu or fibrous joint gaps ossify and become immoveable
Synostosis

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23
Q

Fibrous

A

Synarthrosis
Bound by collagen
Like sutures in skull
Gomphoses for teeth to jaw bone (periodontal ligament)
Syndesmoses is like kinda moveable like between readius and ulna

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24
Q

Cartiliginous

A

Amphiarthrosis
Synchrondosis - temporary joints with hyalline
Symphysis is fibrocartilage for liik e places with discs

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25
Synovial
``` Most complex and most mobility Diarthrosis Have a joint cavity Synovial fluid Articular cartilage Joint capsule is cartilage that encloses the fluid ```
26
6 classes of synovial joints
Ball and socket - most mobile like hip and shoulder multiaxial Condylar - convex and concave for like fingers biaxial Saddle joints look lik U and are for like finger to metacarpal biaxial Plane - just flat ish surfaces for sliding in like wrist biaxial Hinge - for like elbow is monoaxial, convex vs concave again Pivot - is like between atlas and axis or radioulnar joint, monoaxial
27
Multiaxial
At least three directions
28
Biaxial
Just to planes of motion
29
Monoaxial
One movement
30
Disorders of the. Joint
Arthritis - pain and inflamation of joints | Osteoartrhitis - most common form from wear and tear
31
General characteristics of muscle tissue
``` Exciteablkility Contractility Conductiviety Extensibility Elasticity ```
32
General functions of musclses
``` Movement Stablility Opening/closing Thermal stability Glycemic control (absorb and release glucose to controll blood sugar ```
33
Fasciculi
Bundle of muscle fibers in skeletal muscle
34
Skeletal muscle fibers
Same thing as muscle cells
35
Fascicles and muscle shape
Fusiform, parallel, triangular, sphincters, pennaate
36
Muscle compartments
Group of functionally related muscles covered in facia
37
Facia
Connective tissue around muslces
38
Intermusclar septa
Thick facia
39
Indirect muscle attatchment
Muscle tendon bone
40
Direct muscle attatchmetn
Basically no tendon
41
Tendon
Atttatches bone to muscle
42
Origin
Place of attachemtn of muscle that is not moved so like proximal humerus is origin for biceps
43
Insertion
Place of attachment for muscle that is moved like forearm is insertion for biceop
44
Belly
Middle or thickest part of a muscle
45
Action
Can either be moving or preventing motion
46
Agonist
Prime mover i e makes the most force
47
Synergist
Aids prime mover
48
Antagonist
Goes against prime mover
49
Fixator
Muscle that prevents movement
50
Innervation
Identithy of nerve that moves muslce
51
Aponerosis
Tendon is broad flat sheet like in hand
52
Retinaculum
Connective tissue that tendons pass under
53
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber Has multiple flattened nuclei Lots of mitochondria
54
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of muscle fiber
55
Myofibrils
Protein bundles occupying most of sarcoplasm
56
Myofilament s
Individiual actin and myosin in cell
57
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Same thing as smooth ER but for muscles and surrounds myofibril
58
Transverse tubules
Holes through sarcolemma pretty much
59
Actin thin filaments
Fibrous actin is two intertwined strands with G actin and active sites Tropomyosin blocks like 6-7 active sites Troponin complex is a small actin binding protein
60
Titin
Huge springy protein
61
Contractile proteins
Actin and myosin
62
Regulatory proteins
Troponin and tropomyosin | Contraction caused by calcium entering sarcoplasm and binding to troponin
63
Sacromere
Area between z to z
64
H band
Bare spot with no heads on myosin thick filament
65
Somatic motor neurons
Tell muscles to contract
66
Motor unit
The single motor neuron and all the stuff it innervates | Small is like 3 to 6 but large is like 1000
67
Neruomuscular junction
Site where motor neuron stimulates muscle (end of the neuronf. Ugpo[gpf
68
Motor end plate
Area of muscle fiber effected by neurotransmitter under NMJ
69
Acetylcholine
Main neurotransmitter for innervation
70
Synaptic knob
Swollen end of terminal branch
71
Synaptic cleft
Area between synaptic knob and sarcolemma
72
Membrane potential
Electrical potential that all cells have
73
Resting membrane potential
- 70 in nervous cells | - 90 in muscle cells
74
Voltage gated
Potential depends on where soddium and potassium are
75
Ligand gated
Dependent on Acetylcholine to initiate response
76
Action potential change 3 steps
Resting -90 Depolarization 0 to 35 Repolarization -90
77
4 stages in skeletal muscle contraction
Excitation Excitation-contraction coupling Contraxion Relaxation
78
Muscle twitch
A quick cycle of muscle contracation and relaxation
79
Latent period
Delay between stimulus and contraction
80
Whats longer: relaxing or contracting?
Relaxing
81
Spatial summation
For strength, uses most fibers/ muscle units
82
Wave summation
Twitches build on one anothers intensity
83
Incomplete vs complete tetanus
Fully or not fully relaxing between contractions
84
Isotonic contraction
When movement does happen Concentric is when it shortens Eccentric is when it lengthnes
85
Isometric
When it doesnt move during contraction
86
Anaerobic respiration
Produce atp without oxygen (so doenst make much) and makes lactic acid
87
Aerobic respiration
Makes a bunch of ATP and uses oxygen | Doesnt make lactic acid
88
Moderate energy source
Glycogen reserves when between anaerobic and aerobic
89
Slow twitch
Type 1 | Dont really fatigue
90
Fast twitch
Type 2 | Do fatigue
91
Effects of aging on muscles
Reduced muscle mass and bloood supply | Fewer satelite cells and increased myostatin
92
Intercolated discs
Gap junctions for myocytes in cardiac cells
93
Autorhytmic
Contracts at regular rhythm on its own cuz heart has built in pacemaker
94
Heart: fast or slow twitch
Very slow to expel all blood
95
Peristaltic waves
Caused by contractions in smooth muscles in organs to propel stuff
96
Multi unit smooth filament s
Synapses en passaent | Motor units are independent
97
Single unit smoooth filament s
All motor units act as one, more coommon

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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