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Flashcards in Exam 1 Deck (68)
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1
Q

equal to the power of the ocular lens multiplied by the power of the objective lens used
Ex. if the ocular lens magnifies 10x and the objective lens being used magnifies 45x what is total mag?

A

Total magnification

450x (10 X 45)

2
Q

(resolving power) the ability to discriminate two close objects as separate

A

resolution

3
Q

is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

A

epithelial tissues or epithelium

4
Q

what is the epithelial functions?

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

5
Q

consists of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

A

simple epithelia

6
Q

consist of two or more layers of cells

A

stratified epithelia

7
Q

epithelia are classified into three categories

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

8
Q

scalelike

A

squamous

9
Q

a simple columnar epithelium (one layer of cells), but because its cells vary in height and the nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, it gives false appearance of being stratified. this epithelium is often ciliated

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

10
Q

peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded o plump cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched

A

Transitional epithelium

11
Q

single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia

A

simple squamous

12
Q

function: allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances

A

simple squamous

13
Q

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

A

simple cuboidal

14
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal

A

secretion and absorption (diffusion)

15
Q

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei(nucleus towards bottom); layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

A

simple columnar

16
Q

what is the function of simple columnar

A

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus( or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

17
Q

lines most digestive tract

A

simple columnar epithelium

18
Q

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia

A

pseudostratified columnar

19
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar

A

secretes substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

20
Q

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; surface cells are flattened

A

stratified squamous

21
Q

what is function of stratified squamous

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

22
Q

generally two layers of cublike cells

A

stratified cuboidal

23
Q

what is function of stratified cuboidal

A

protection

24
Q

several cell layers; superficial cells elongated and columnar

A

stratified columnar

25
Q

function of stratified columnar

A

protection; secretion (rare in body)

26
Q

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch; function- stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained uring

A

transitional

27
Q

what are four main types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

28
Q

loose connective tissues are

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

29
Q

dense connective tissues are

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

30
Q

loose and dense fall under

A

connective tissue proper

31
Q

loose conn tissues -wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays impt role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid; widely distributed; packages organs, forms lamina propia of mucous membranes; surrounds capillaries

A

Areolar

32
Q

loos conn tissues- have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

A

adipose

33
Q

provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs; located under skin,around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

A

adipose

34
Q

loose connective tissue- fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages; located in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen)

A

reticular

35
Q
  • attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles; attaches bone to bone; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
A

dense regular connective tissue

36
Q

located in tendons most ligaments, aponeuroses

A

dense regular connective tissue

37
Q

type of dense conn tiss containing a high proportion of elastic fibers; allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

A

elastic

38
Q

located in walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

A

elastic

39
Q

type of dense conn tissue- ale to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength and located in fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

A

dense irregular connective tissue

40
Q

type of conn tiss under cartilage- supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

A

hyaline (under cartilage)

41
Q

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

A

hyaline (under cartilage)

42
Q

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility; supports the external ear (auricle); epiglottis

A

elastic( under cartilage)

43
Q

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock; located in intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

A

fibrocartilage

44
Q

type of connec tiss- supports and protects (by enclosing) provides layers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoieosis

A

bones (osseous tissue)

45
Q

type of conn tiss- transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances; contained within blood vessels

A

blood

46
Q

neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands); supporting cells support and protect neurons; located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

nervous tissue

47
Q

what are the muscle tissue types?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

48
Q

voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control; located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

A

skeletal muscle

49
Q

As it contracts, that muscle propels blood into the circulation; involuntary; branching, striated; located in the walls of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

50
Q

no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets; propels substances (foodstuffs, urine) or a baby along internal passageways; involuntary control; located mostly in walls of hollow organs

A

smooth muscle

51
Q

the bottom of the microscope; provides a sturdy flat surface to support and steady the microscope

A

base

52
Q

located in the base; the light from the lamp passes directly upward through the microscope

A

substage light

53
Q

located on the base or arm; this dial allows you to adjust the intensity of the light passing through the specimen

A

light control knob

54
Q

the platform that the slide rests on while being viewed; the stage has a hole in it to allow light to pass through the stage and through the specimen

A

stage

55
Q

holds the slide in position for viewing and has two adjustable knobs that control the precise movement of the slide

A

mechanical stage

56
Q

small nonmagnifying lens located beneath the stage that concentrates the light on the specimen; the condenser may have a knob that raises and lowers the condenser to vary the light delivery; generally, the best position is close to the inferior surface of the stage

A

condenser

57
Q

a shutter within the condenser that can be controlled by a lever to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser; the lever can be moved to close the diaphragm and improve contrast; if your field of view is too dark; you can open the diaphragm to let in more light

A

iris diaphragm lever

58
Q

this knob allows you to make large adjustments to the height of the stage to initially focus your specimen

A

course adjustment knob

59
Q

this knob is used for precise focusing once the initial coarse focusing has been completed

A

fine adjustment knob

60
Q

attaches to the nosepiece to support the objective lens system; it also provides for attachment of the eyepieces which house the ocular lenses

A

head

61
Q

vertical portion of the microscope that connects the base and the head

A

arm

62
Q

rotating mechanism connected to the head; generally, it carries three or four objective lenses and permits positioning of these lenses over the hole in the stage

A

nosepiece

63
Q

these lenses are attached to the nosepiece; usually a compound microscope has four objective lenses ( look in book for this)

A

objective lenses

64
Q

binocular microscopes will have two lenses located in the eyepieces at the superior end of the head; most ocular lenses have a magnification power of 10x; some microscopes will have a pointer and/or reticle (micrometer) which can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens

A

ocular lens(es)

65
Q

where is transitional epithelium found

A

urinary bladder and ureter

66
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found

A

kidneys- and ducts to many glands

67
Q

where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

trachea, respiratory system

68
Q

where is stratified squamous found?

A

epidermis of skin, the part you touch