Exam 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
Ethics in psychology
correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research to protect participants from harm and respect their rights and dignity
Correlational
psychologists measure the correlations between 2 variables without trying to control either variable (reporting what naturally occurs in people’s lives)
Experimental
the experiment manipulates/controls one variable and measures the effect on the other variable in order to determine if one thing causes another
Case study
descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a group, person, or phenomenon
Design of an experiment
how participants are allocated to the different conditions in an experiment
hindsight bias
the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out; the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon
Self Serving Bias
most people see themselves as better than average on any dimension that is subjective, common, and socially desirable; it is logically impossible for most people to be better than average so this is unrealistic
Advantages of self serving bias
- genuinely happier
- more likely to savor their success
- protects against depression
- stress buffer
- better social functioning
- capacity for creative and productive work
- enhancing motivation and persistence
Disadvantages of self serving bias
- illusory optimism increases our vulnerability because we dont take sensible precautions
- people who blame others for their social difficulties are often unhappier than people who can acknowledge their mistakes
scientific method
a self correcting process for asking questions and observing nature’s answer; observing lots of people before making a conclusion
dual attitude system
different evaluations of the same attitude object; implicit attitude and an explicit attitude
heuristics
mental shortcuts that help us make decisions and judgments quickly without having to spend a lot of time researching and analyzing information
individualism
gives priority to personal goals
collectivism
focuses on the priorities of the group
spotlight effect
people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they actually are
false consensus
the tendency of people to overestimate the level to which other people share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
learned helplessness
a condition in which someone suffers from a sense of powerlessness arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed
self worth
- I am a good person
- I am comfortable with myself
Self competence
- I am highly effective at the things I do
- I am almost always able to accomplish what I try for
High self esteem
- Clear and certain self views
- expect success
- take credit for success
- resilience
- low depression and anxiety
- stable dating relationships
- happy marriages
Low self esteem
- higher vulnerability to a variety of clinical problems
- negative views of the world
self esteem and its correlates
- a persons overall opinion of themselves, either generally or in specific areas
- am I good/bad?
- am I worthy/unworthy?
- am I somewhere in between?
Self compassion
extending compassion to oneself in times of failure or suffering; composed of self kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness
fundamental attribution error
when we explain someone else’s behavior (usually negative) we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate impact of independent traits and situations