Exam 1 Flashcards
(307 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 basic tissue types
A
Epithelium, Connective, muscle, and nerve
2
Q
Types of epithelium tissue
A
squamous(flat shaped), columnar(tall, thinly shaped), cuboidal(cube shaped), stratified(has multiple shapes)
3
Q
Functions of the epithelium
A
Secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and sensing.
4
Q
Where is the epithelium found?
A
The linings of cavities, organs, and glands
5
Q
Characteristics of the epithelium
A
Contain no blood vessls, so they receive their nutrients from underlying membrane, via diffusion. (Mucous and Serous membranes)
6
Q
Where is the connective tissue found?
A
Found between other tissues everywhere in the body. Joints, ligaments, and tendons
7
Q
3 main components of connective tissue
A
Fibers (elastic or collagenous), ground substance, and cells (fibroblast, adipocytes, macrophages, and leukocytes)
8
Q
Types of connective tissue
A
Blood plasma, adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone.
9
Q
What are muscle tissues?
A
Soft tissue that composes the muscle in the human body. Muscle cells are cell walls with well developed contractility.
10
Q
Types of muscle cells
A
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
11
Q
Skeletal muscles
A
Striated muscles, that only contract voluntarily
12
Q
Smooth muscle
A
non-striated muscle, that contracts involuntarily and without conscious intervention.
13
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
Semi-striated muscle, with intercalated disks. Contracts involuntarily and without conscious intervention. Found in the heart.
14
Q
How can cardiac and smooth muscles be activated?
A
Through interactions of the nervous system and by receiving innervation from peripheral plexuses or endocrine/ hormonal type activation.
15
Q
When do skeletal muscles contract voluntarily?
A
Upon influence from the CNS. reflexes are a form of non conscious activation from the skeletal muscle
16
Q
What is the function of an intercalated disk?
A
helps with smooth and coordinated contractions. (contracts the heart so it beats at the same time)
17
Q
Component of the nerve tissue are
A
neurons and nerve cells
18
Q
Functions of the nerve tissue
A
sensory input, integration, control of muscles, homeostasis, and mental activity.
19
Q
Two types of neurons are
A
- Multipolar motor and autonomic (looks like a tree with the axon as the tree body)
- pseudo unipolar sensory (looks like it has 2 bodies and one head
20
Q
Division of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
21
Q
Division of the nervous body with everything outside of the CNS
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
22
Q
Location of neuron of the cell bodies, major component of CNS, contains myelinated axons
A
Gray Matter
23
Q
Location of the interconnecting fiber tract, contain relatively few cell bodies
A
White matter
24
Q
Thick outer most layer of the meninges
A
Duramater
25
Delicate and transparent innermost layer of the meninges
Pia mater
26
Delicate avascular intermediate layer of the meninges
arachnoid mater
27
Connective tissue covering around individual axons in the PNS. Delicate innermost layer that forms sheaths to surround the neuroglia cells & axons
Endoneurium
28
What covers groups of axon? And is an immediate layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fasiscle of peripheral nerve fibers
Perineurium
29
Thick, Tough connective tissue on the outside of the nerve fiber is called..? Surrounds & encloses the bundle of fasiscles. Includes fatty tissues, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Epineurium
30
Major functions of glial cells
Surrounds neurons and holds them in place, supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulate one neuron from one another, destroy pathogens, and remove dead neurons.
31
Principle glia is found in what system?
PNS
32
What types of cells do glial cells help us form?
Non myelinating and myelinating cells
33
Types of nerve fibers we get from the cells that are formed from glial cells
Myelinating and non-myelinating
34
Myelin ______ impulse propagation speed
Increases
35
Impulses "hop" or propagate by ______ conduction
Saltatory conduction
36
Myelin ______ capacitance of electricity and ______ electrical resistance across cell membrane
Decreases, Increases
37
Myelin _____ the electric current from leaving the axon
Prevents
38
Myelin permits _____ body size by maintaining agile communication between distant body parts
Larger
39
____ results from acute inflammatory demyelination
Guillian-Barre syndrome
40
Which of the following is considered a synarthrosis joint?
a. intervertebral discs
b. costochondral joint of the first rib
c. glenohumeral joint
d. pubic symphasis
e. inferior tibio-fibular joint
E. Inferior tibio-fibular joint
41
Joint that is united by fibrous tissue and is charaterized by little to no movement
fibrous/ Synarthrosis
42
Types of fibrous/ synarthrosis joints
suture and syndesmosis
43
Joint that is united by cartilage and slight movement
Cartilaginous/ Amphiarthroses
44
Types of cartilaginous/ampiarthroses joint
Primary (synchrondoses), Secondary (Sympheses)
45
Primary cartilaginous is joined by
Hyaline
46
Secondary Cartilaginous is joined by
Fibrocartilage
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Joint that is not directly joined, united by dense irregular connective tissue, freely movable
Synovial/diarthroses
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characteristics of synovial joints
Cavity, synovial fluid(produced by synovial membrane), articular cartilage, and fibrous capsule(lined by synovial membrane)
49
Types of synovial joint
Plane/gliding, ball & socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, and saddle
50
______ joint allows rotation
Pivot joint. Ex: Atlantoaxial joint
51
____ joint where one bone glides over the other bone
Plane/ gliding. Ex: Acromioclavicular joint
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_____ joint, similar to condyloid, but no axial rotation
Saddle. Ex: first carpometacarpal joint
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_____ joint, ball of one bone fits into socket of the other bone
Ball and socket. Ex: Glenohumeral joint
54
____ joint, ovoid surface with condyle into elliptical cavity
Condyloid. Ex: Radiocarpal joint
55
____ joint, like a hinge on a door
Hinge joint. Ex: Interphalangeal joint
56
Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through which vessel?
Aorta
57
Where is blood coming from when it moves into the right atrium?
systemically from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. and the coronary sinus (Deoxygenated blood)
58
Blood from the right atrium moves to the
right ventricle (deoxygenated blood)
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blood from the RV moves to the _____ via the _____
Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries(deoxygenated blood, but PA also carries oxygenated blood away from the earth)
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In what direction do arteries move?
Away from the heart
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Blood moving to the LA is coming from ____ via ____
The lungs (this blood is oxygenated), via pulmonary veins
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Blood from the LA moves to the ____ and from there to the ____ and ultimately the ____
Left ventricle, aorta, body
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Pulmonary circulation is a ____ pressure system
Low
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Systemic circulation is a ____ pressure system
High
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Which has a higher pressure system? Veins or arteries
Arteries
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Lymphatic system is a _____ pressure system
low
67
Cell bodies of the pseudounipolar sensory neurons are held in the
Spinal / dorsal ganglion
68
What lives in the anterior horn of the spinal cord?
Cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons
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what kind of fibers are in the posterior rootlets?
Afferent sensory neurons
70
When rootlets start to form together they are called ____ and have what kind of information?
Anterior root. Efferent, motor information
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Where is the anterior ramus? And what type of info is conducted here? coming from?
The rounded- circular end of the structure. Motor(efferent) and sensory (afferent). Coming from the periphery and anterior
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The little thingy hanging to the side. What type of info does it conduct? What does it give motor to? Gives sensory to?
Posterior ramus. Conducts both motor and sensory information. Gives motor to deep back muscles. Gives sensory to the muscles that live between the angles of the ribs
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Structure that is like the hilt. What kind of nerves?
Spinal nerve. Mixed (Motor and ensory nerves). Combination of the anterior and posterior rami
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C5 in examination of dermatomes
Mid deltoid
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C6 in examination of dermatomes
dorsal aspect of thumb web space
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C7 in examination of dermatomes
dorsal aspect of middle finger
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C8 in examination of dermatomes
Medial border of 5th metacarpal
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T1 in examination of dermatomes
Medial forearm
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L1 in examination of dermatomes
Inguinal area
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L2 in examination of dermatomes
anterior mid thigh
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L3 in examination of dermatomes
medial knee
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L4 in examination of dermatomes
Medial malleolus
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L5 in examination of dermatomes
Distal medial dorsum of foot
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S2 in examination of dermatomes
Medial/posterior calcaneus
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S1 in examination of dermatomes
lateral border of foot
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C1-2 in examination of myotomes
Cervical flexion
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C4 in examination of myotomes
Scapular elevation
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C6 in examination of myotomes
elbow flexion
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C8 in examination of myotomes
thumb abduction
90
C3 in examination of myotomes
Cervical side bending
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C5 in examination of myotomes
shoulder abduction
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C7 in examination of myotomes
elbow extension
93
T1 in examination of myotomes
finger abduction
94
L2-3 in examination of myotomes
Hip flexion
95
L4-5 in examination of myotomes
ankle dorsiflexion
96
L5-S1 in examination of myotomes
knee flexion
97
S1-2 in examination of myotomes
Ankle plantar flexion
98
L3-4 in examination of myotomes
knee extension
99
L5 in examination of myotomes
Great toe extension
100
L5-S1 in examination of myotomes
Ankle eversion
101
C5 in muscle stretch reflexes
Bicep brachi
102
C6 in muscle stretch reflexes
Brachioradialis
103
C7 in muscle stretch reflexes
Triceps
104
L2-4 in muscle stretch reflexes
Quadriceps
105
L5 in muscle stretch reflexes
Medial hamstring
106
S1-2 in muscle stretch reflexes
Gastroc-soleus
107
A condition involving irritation and or injury to a special nerve is called
Radiculopathy
108
Spinal cord pathology is called?
Myelopathy
109
Process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs and or symptoms
Differential diagnosis
110
A sign is
A physical examonation/ manifestation in a patient
111
A symptom
A complaint that a patient has
112
In a C6 radiculopathy, weakness with resisted elbow flexion, _____ and ____ profound effects
Broader and less
113
In a musculocutaneous nerve injury, weakness wirh resisted elbow flexion, _____ and _____ profund effects
Isolated and more
114
Hyperreflexia
reflexes that are faster than expected. Apparent in CNS injury
115
Hyporelfexia
reflexes are sluggish or absent. Apparent in PNS injuries
116
Why do we use imaging?
Examine the internal anatomy, recognize structures, differential diagnosis, and confirm diagnosis
117
Most radiolucent stucture
Air
118
Most radiopaque structure
Compact bone
119
Only imaging safe for pregnant women
Ultrasound
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Fluids in imaging will always appear
Black
121
Soft tissue in imaging always appear
White
122
T1 MRI
The anatomy seen easier. Shows clear anatomy
123
T2 MRI
appears dark and anatomy is harder to view. Pathology friendly
124
Types of neuroglia in CNS
Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes
125
Types of neuroglia in PNS
Satellite and Schwann cells
126
Functions of the skin
Protection, temp. control, and sensation
127
Layers of the skin
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue/ hypodermis, deep fascia, and skeletal muscle/bone
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Main function of the epidermis
Protection, absorption, and homeostasis
129
What kind of epithelium is found in the epidermis?
Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
130
Cells found in the epidermis
keratinocytes (major cell), Melanocytes(pigment), merkel cells, and langerhans cells(signal immune system)
131
What is keratin
A fibrous protein that aids in protection, also a water proofing protein
132
The epidermis _______ contain blood vessels
Does not
133
The only skin in the body that is not keratinized is
The skin lining the inside of our mouths
134
What is the dermis composed of?
Dense irregular connective tissue and areolar/fatty connective tissue. Formed by collagen and elastic fibers.
135
The dermis account for _____ and ______ of the skin
strength and toughness
136
What are the two layers of the dermis that gives elasticity to the skin?
Papillary and reticular
137
The papillary contains _______ tissue and is the ______ layer
The areolar connective tissue and is the superficial layer
138
The reticular layer contains _______ and is the _____ layer
The dense irregular connective tissue and deeper layer
139
Functions of the two layers of the dermis?
Gives elasticity to the skin and flexibility, resist distortion, wrinkling, and sagging.
140
The hypodermis contains _______ tissue. And is the area ____ the skin
subcutaneous tissue. area beneath the skin
141
Hypodermis is attached to the dermis by _____ and _____
Collagen and elastic fibers
142
The dermis layer provides a site for the ending of ____ ____ and ___. Many ______ are stored here, so does the bases of integumentary structure like ____ and _____
Blood vessels and nerves. Melanocytes. Like hair and sebaceous glands
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The hypodermis is composed of _____ and specializes in the ____ and _____ of fats. Serves as a storage site for when the body needs energy
Adipocytes(Adipose tissues). Accumulation and storage of fats.
144
Hypodermis functions to ____ thermal regulation
control. (fat is a heat insulator)
145
what does the retinaculum cutis do?
Gives structure and prevents sagging and wrinkling
146
Deep fascia is composed of _____ tissue layer that invest deep structures such as the muslce
dense organized connective
147
Deep fascia forms compartments which ____ and prevent
help to maintain muscular alignments and prevent the spread of of infections.
148
Deep fascia penetrates and surrounds ___ and _____. Provides connection and communication in the body in the form of ______. Involves all bone
Nerves and bones. In the form of flat like ligaments
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Deeps fascia has a ____ level of collagen fibers which gives it its strength and integrity. Amount of elastin fibers determines extensibility and resilience
High
150
What are the two functional parts of the skeletal system?
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
151
Axial skeleton consist of the
Head, neck, trunk: ribs, sternum, mandible, and skull
152
Appendicular skeleton consist of
Limbs, including formation of pectorial and pelvic girdles. The clavicle is included
153
The skeleton is composed of
Cartilage and bones
154
Cartilage is
Resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue, that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required
155
Type of cartilage
Articular cartilage.. Which caps articulating surfaces of bones participating in synovial joints. Provides smooth, low friction, gliding surfaces
156
____ is the internal framework of the body
Human skeleton
157
Bone is
Highly specialized living tissue. Hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton.
158
6 major functions of bone
Support for body and its vital cavities(thorax and pelvis)
Protection for vital structures (heart)
Mechanical basis for movement (provides leverage)
Storage for salts and minerals (calcium)
Continuous supply of new blood cells (bone marrow)
Endocrine regulation
159
What are the classification of bones?
- Long bones: tubular in form Ex: femur
- Short bones: Cuboidal in form. Ex: ankle and wrist
- Flat bones: Usually serve as a protective function. EX: skull, scapula, and ribs.
- Irregular bones: provides leverage for muscle attachments. Has various shapes. Ex: face and vertebraes
- Sesamoid bones: develop in certain tendons & where tendons cross the ends of bones, protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the tendons. Ex: patella
160
Bone marking: Condyle
Rounded articular area of a bone. Ex: femural condyle
161
Bone marking: Crest
Ridge of a bone. Ex: Iliac crest
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Bone marking: Epicondyle
Eminence superior to a condyle
163
Bone marking: Facet
Smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
164
Bone marking: Foramen
Passage through a bone
165
Bone marking: fossa
hollow or depressed area. Ex: doesn't have to be a bone
166
Bone marking: groove
Elongated depression
167
Bone marking: line
Linear elevation
168
Bone marking: malleolus
rounded process, used only in the ankle
169
Bone marking: notch
indentation at the edge of a bone. Ex: trochlear notch of the ulna
170
Bone marking: Protuberance
projection of bone. Ex: external occipital
171
Bone marking: spine
thorn like process. Ex: spine of the scapula
172
Bone marking: Spinous process
projecting spine-like part. Ex: spinous process of vertebra
173
Bone marking: Trochanter
Large blunt elevation. Found only in the femur/hip
174
Bone marking: tubercle
small raised eminence. Ex: Anterior and posterior tubercle of the atlas
175
Bone marking: tuberosity
large rounded elevation. Ex: tuberosity of the humerus
176
Intramembranous ossification
AKA membranous bone formation. A way rudimentary bones tissues are created. An essential process during natural healing during natural healing of bone fractures.
Cartilage is not present.
177
Endochondral ossification
AKA cartilaginous bone formation. Cartilage is present and models the bone's form during fetal period. Bone replaces most of the cartilage. Essential process during formation of long bones. (gives the growth of long bones)
178
Parts of a long bone
Spongy bone at the head
Compact bone
Medullary canal
Endosteum and periosteum (fibrous layer that envelops the bone both on the inside and outside)
179
Main/primary ossification center
diaphysis. Allows bones to grow in thickness
180
Secondary ossification center
Epiphysis. (growth plate). Allows bone to grow in length. Occurs at the distal ends
181
Junction between diaphysis and epiphysis
metaphysis
182
Haversion systems does the supplying of
Spongy bone, and deeper portions of compact bone
183
Types of skeletal joints
Fibrous (synarthroses), cartilaginous (amphiarthroses), synovial joint (diarthroses)
184
The epiphyseal plate(the space between the epiphysis and the diaphysis) and the junction between the manubrium sternum and the 1st rib is an example of
Synchrondoses
185
Synovial joints are normally associated with
Accesory ligaments
186
ways that joints can be classified
their function, the axis movement they have, and the degree of freedom
187
Where are intrinsic ligaments?
between carpal bones alone
188
where are extrinsic ligaments
between carpals and metacarpals
189
where are intra-articular ligaments
inside joint capsule
190
where are extra-articular ligaments
outside the joint capsule
191
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Found lining articular surfaces and in the nasal septum, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, and the epiphyseal cartilage of growing bone. It also has a spongyness
192
Elastic cartilage is found in the ____ where it provides _____
Ear, and epiglottis. where is provides a rigid but elastic framework
193
Fibrocartilage is found in the
intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, the menisci of joints and often occurs where tendon & ligaments are joined to bones
194
Articular arteries
arise from vessels around the joint. Arteries often anastomose(communicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply in any positions assumed by the joint
195
Articular veins
communicating veins that accompany arteries
196
How does blood get to the joints?
articular arteries and articular veins
197
Articular nerves supply nerves to joint. They arise from
branches of cutaneous nerves supplying overlying skin.
198
Most articular nerves are branches of nerves that supply the ____ that cross and therefore move the joint
Muscles
199
What is hilton's law
Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachment
200
Flat muscles
Have parallel fibers and an aponeuroses which is a flat sheet. Ex: external oblique
201
Pennate muscle
have a feather like arrangement. Can be unipennate(extensor digitorium lungus), bipennate(rectus femoris), multipennate(deltoid)
202
Fusiform muscles
fuse line/ cigar shaped. Round thick belly and tapered ends
203
Convergent muscles
rise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon. ex: pectoralis major
204
Quadrate muscle
Square-shaped and has 4 equal sides. Ex: rectus abdominus
205
circular/sphincteral muscles
surround a body opening/oriface. Ex: orbiculans occuli(eye surrounding)
206
Multiheaded/multi bellied
have more than one head attachment. Ex: biceps, triceos
207
structural unit of a muscle of a muscle is the
skeletal striated muscle fiber
208
functional unit of a muscle is called a ____ and consist of a
motor unit. motor neuron and muscle fibers that it controls
209
types of circulation found in the cardiovascular system
Systemic and pulmonary
210
systemic circulation delivers blood throughout the
body
211
pulmonary circulation delivers blood throughout the
heart
212
____ blood is carried to the lungs and _____ blood is brought back towards the heart and to the body
Deoxygenated. Oxygenated
213
____ blood is taken to the tissue and dispersed via systemic capillary beds and ____ blood is returned by the venous system to the right atrium
Oxygenated. Deoxygenated
214
Types of arteries
Large elastic arteries, median muscular arteries, small arteries
215
Large elastic arteries are
conducting arteries. Have many elastic layers/sheets of elastic fibers in their walls. Initially receive cardiac output from ventricles, their elasticity allows them to expand, minimizing the pressure change and return to normal size between ventricular contractions. Maintains/helps maintain BP. Ex: Aorta
216
Median muscular arteries are
distributing arteries. Have the ability to decrease their diameter through vasal constrictions, helps regulate flow of blood to different parts of the body as required by circumstance. Ex: heavy activity required/thermal regulation
217
Small arteries are
Arterioles. Have narrow lumina/openings. With thick muscular walls. If toneness/firmness in the muscular walls are above normal, hypertension or high BP can result
218
Veins
have low pressure and much thinner walls than arteries
219
Venules are ____ veins. They drain the _____ and join similar vessels to form small veins
Smallest. Capillary bed
220
Medium veins
contain valves in limbs, that permits blood to flow towards the heart and not anywhere else.
221
Veins are usually ___, following an ____
paired. artery
222
Large veins are characterized by
wide bundles of longitudinal, smooth muscles & a well developed tunica adventitia. Ex: Sup & Inf vena cava
223
The right lymphatic ducts, drain the areas into the right ______, which is the junction of the _____ with the right ____. Lymph is then transported to the ______
Venous angle. Right internal jugular. Right subclavian vein. Superior vena cava
224
The left lymphatic ducts drains to the ____, gathers lymph into the _____, ______, ____ and is transported to the ____
Thoracic ducts, left venous angle, left internal jugular, left subclavian veins. superior vena cava
225
Functions of the nervous system
- Enables continuous adaptation to internal and external environments
- Controls and integrates various volitional and automatic activities of the body. ex: movement, circulation, respiration
- Effector components of human movement system that governs movement
226
types of cells in nervous tissue
Neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)
227
Neurons are
base structural functional units of the nervous system. Have a specialized structure that allows for rapid communication.
228
Communication in neurons occur
via synapses through neurotransmitters
229
Types of neurons
Multipolar neurons and Pseudounipolar neuron
230
multipolar motor neurons serve to
control skeletal muscle & make up the autonomic nervous system. Most common type of neuron
231
Multpolar motor neurons is composed of
a cell body, extension from the cell body(dendrites) that carry impulses towards the cell, & a single axon which is an extension that carries impulses away from the cell body
232
Pseudounipolar sensory neuron serve to
conduct sensory info from PNS to CNS. Cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia
233
Neuroglia are _____ cells that serve to ___
non excitable, non neuronal cells. To support, insulate & nourish neurons
234
Function of CNS
integrates and coordinates incoming(afferent) and outgoing(efferent) signals. Structured with nuclei and tracts.
Allows for fluidity and higher functions like thinking and learning.
235
CNS is surrounded by
Meninges
236
In the ____, dura mater is intimately related to the internal aspect to the bone of the surrounding neurocranium
Brain
237
In the _____, dura mater is separated from the surrounding bone of the vertebra column by the epidural space, which is filled with ____
Spinal cord. Fat & venous plexuses
238
Cell bodies in the PNS is collected in the ___
Ganglion
239
Myelinated nerve fibers have
a myelin sheath that consist of a continuous series of schwann cells & wrapping of individual axons & forming myelin
240
Unmyelinated nerve fibers consist of
multiple axons separately imbedded in the cytoplasm of the schwann cell. They do not produce myelin
241
PNS consist of
Fascicles/bundles of fibers, connective tissue coverings and blood vessels that nourish the fibers of their coverings
242
3 connective tissue that covers the PNS and provides strength and resilience
Endoneurium, Perineurium, & Epineurium
243
The perineurium provides an
Effective barrier against penetration of the nerve fibers by foreign substances
244
3 types of nerves
Cranial, spinal, or derivatives of spinal nerves
245
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12. 11 arise from the brain and 1 from the superior spinal cord
246
All cranial nerves exit through the
foramina
247
Some cranial nerves convey only ___, some only ____ and some a mixture of both
Sensory fibers, motor fibers
248
The first two cranial nerves are involved in
senses: smell and sight
249
Cranial nerves bear sensory ganglia, where the cell bodies of the ____ are located
Pseudounipolar fibers
250
Spinal nerves arise from _____ and exit through ___ of the ____
Spinal cord. Inner vertebral foramina of the vertebral column.
251
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31 pairs. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 secral, and 1 coxigial
252
Anterior root passes motor/efferent fibers from nerve cell bodies in the ____ of the ___to organs located peripherally
Anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter
253
Posterior root consist of sensory/afferent fibers that convey ____ to the ____ from sensory receptors in various parts of the body such as the skin
Neural impluses to the CNS
254
Posterior root fibers carries general sensory fibers to the ___ of the ___ through a ___. Then goes to ____
posterior horn of the spinal cord through a spinal ganglion. Goes to the anterior and posterior ramus
255
Segmental innervation refers to
the innervation provided by a specific spinal level
256
Dermatome is
a unilateral area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
257
Myotomes are
Unilateral mass of muscle innervated by motor fibers of single spinal nerve
258
Dermatomes and Myotomes can aid in..
screening nervous system functions, helping localize spinal nerve lesions (esp. when corroborated with spinal nerve dermatomes)
259
Manually resistant test of isometric strengths are utilized to assess ___ clinically
Myotomes
260
Muscle reflexes are ____ within the __ & ____ through descending inhibition from the _____
Mediated within the spinal cord & modulated.... from the brain
261
Somatic sensory and Visceral sensory nerves fibers are processes of ____
Pseudounipolar neurons
262
Cell bodies of Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers are found
Outside of the CNS, in the Spinal/cranial sensory ganglia
263
Motor neve fibers are axons of
multipolar neurons
264
Cell bodies of somatic motor and presynaptic visceral motor neurons are in the
gray matter of the spinal cord
265
Cell bodies of post-synaptic motor neurons are located
Outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia
266
Both ___ & ____ nerves contain somatic & visceral sensory & motor nerve fibers
Cranial and Spinal
267
Somatic sensory fibers transmit _____ into the ____ from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joint
afferent nerve impulses into the CNS
268
Somatic motor fibers transmit ____ impulses from the ____ to allow voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Efferent impulses from the CNS
269
Visceral sensory fibers transmit ____ impulses into the ____, conveting pain or subconscious visceral reflex from hollow organs and blood vessels
Afferent impulses into the CNS
270
Visceral motor fibers transmit impulses to involuntary smooth muscle & glandular tissues through ___ & ___
Pre synaptic and post synaptic fibers
271
Somatic nervous system (SNS) is composed of
somatic parts of CNS & PNS.
272
SNS provides general ___ & ____ innervation to all parts of the body except ____
sensory & voluntary motor. viscera & body cavities, smooth muscles and glands
273
Somatic sensory fibers transmit
sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
274
Somatic motor fibers stimulate
skeletal muscle, exclusively invoking voluntary or reflexive movement by causing its contraction
275
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) includes components of
the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions, including visceral sensory and motor nerve fibers
276
Visceral sensory fibers transmit
afferent signals from the viscera
277
Visceral motor fibers provide
efferent signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
278
Visceral efferent impulses from CNS to effector organs involve series of which 2 neurons
Presynaptic/Preganglionic & Post synaptic/post ganglionic
279
Cell bodies of the pre synaptic/ pre ganglionic neurons are in
the gray matter of CNS
280
Cell bodies of the post synaptic/ post ganglionic neurons are in
Autonomic ganglia, outside of the CNS
281
Autonomic Nervous Systems (ANS) divisions include
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
282
Sympathetic disivion liberates
Norepinephrine
283
Parasympathetic division liberates
Acetylcholine
284
Anatomic differences of the 2 divisions is based on the location of the ____ & which nerves conduct ____ fibers from the CNS
pre-synaptic bodies. pre-synaptic
285
Sympathetic division of ANS is AKA
Thoracolumbar division
286
Sympathetic division of ANS extends between
1st thoracic & 2nd or 3rd lumbar segment of the spinal cord
287
Pre-synaptic cell bodies of the SYmpathetic division of the ANS are in the
intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord
288
Post-synaptic cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the ANS are in the
para-vertebral & pre-vertebral ganglion
289
Pre synaptic fiber are ____ and post synaptic fibers are ___ of the sympathetic division of the ANS
short and long
290
Sympathetic effects of the ANS are
Catabolic. (prepares the body for flight or fight)
291
Parasympathetic division of ANS is AKA
cranialsacral division
292
Pre synaptic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of ANS are located in the
Brainstem exit CNS through multiple cranial nerves
293
Presynaptic cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of ANS are also located in
sacral segments of spinal cord exit CNS through corresponding spinal nerves
294
Parasmypathetic division of the ANS is much more ______ in its distribution than sympathetic
Restricted
295
Parasympathetic division distributes to the
head, visceral cavities, trunk & rectile tissues of the external genitalia
296
Fibers ______ components of spinal nerves or their branches in ANS
are not
297
Pre synaptic fibers are ____ and post synaptic fibers are ____ in the parasympathetic division of the ANS
long & short
298
Parasympathetic effects are _____
Anabolic (promote normal function & the conservation of energy)
299
Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is AKA
the 2nd brain
300
Components of the visceral motor systems are
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
301
ENS can function
Autonomously, without any connection to the CNS
302
Major components of the ENS are
Post-synaptic, parasynaptic neurons of the gastrointestinal tract
303
In addition to motor neurons, 2 interconnected nerve plexuses compromised in ENS include
Primary afferent neurons that receive local input stimulate motor neurons forming local reflex
304
Visceral afferent fibers provide info about
conditions of body's iternal environment.
305
Visceral reflexes regulate BP and chemistry, by altering
functions as heart and respiratory rates & vascular resistance
306
We're usually unaware of sensory input from
Visceral afferent fibers
307
Visceral sensation that reaches the conscious level is usually perceived as
Pain, cramps, hunger, fullness or nausea
