Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is lumbarization?
A
When S1 (sacral bone) doesn’t fuse with S2, and as a results there are 6 lumbar vertebrates. mobile spine
2
Q
What is sacralization?
A
When one of the lumbar vertebrates (L5), fuse to S1 & as a result, there are only 5 lumbar bones. causes a stiff spine
3
Q
What are lordosis?
A
A concavity or hollow in the spine. Found in the cervical & lumbar vertebrates.
found posterior to spine
In the cervical spine, it is concave posterior, but convex anteriorly.
BOWS IN
4
Q
What is Kyphosis?
A
A convex spine
Convex posteriorly & concave anteriorly.
In the thoracic & sacral, coccygeal segments.
POKES OUT
5
Q
There is ____ relationship between posture and pain
A
NO
6
Q
Body of the vertebrae
A
The weight bearing surface. Anterior Part
7
Q
The vertebral arch is
A
Composed of the pedicles, the laminae, & the projections
8
Q
The vertebral foramen is
A
Space created by the body & the vertebral arch
9
Q
The vertebral canal…
A
contains spinal cord & its coverings. Created by successive vertebral foramina
10
Q
Spinous process is…
A
Extension posterior from the meeting of the lamina
11
Q
The lamina is…
A
the junction between the pedicle & the spinous process
12
Q
The pedicle is…
A
the junction between the vertebral body & the vertebral arch
13
Q
The transverse process is…
A
Lateral projection originating at the junction of the lamina & pedicle
14
Q
The superior articular process is…
A
2 superior projections from the superior portion of the lamina which form synovial joint (facet) with vertebra directly above
15
Q
The inferior articular process is…
A
2 inferior projection from the inferior portion of the portion of the lamina which form synovial facet joints with the vertebra directly below
16
Q
The superior vertebral notch is…
A
Made by the pedicle & the superior articular process
17
Q
The inferior vertebral notch is…
A
made by the pedicle & the inferior articular process
18
Q
The intervertebral foramen is…
A
space created by superior & inferior vertebral notches
19
Q
Characteristics of the cervical spine
A
- Extreme mobility
- Complex series of joints
- Different function of the intervertebral(low bearing structure), and the Zygopophyseal joint (facilitators of movement)
- Vertebral artery
- 7 vertebrae & 8 nerve roots
- Close approximation to the shoulder
20
Q
Characteristics of the thoracic spine
A
- Transitional zone between cervical (C) & lumbar (L)
- 2nd least mobile of the spinal region.
- Ribcage & low ratio of intervertebral disk (IVD)
- Anterior- posterior & transverse dimensions are almost equal
- Height of body is slightly higher posteriorly. (contributes to normal kyphosis)
- Each body has paired costal demi-facets. Posteriorally (one superiorly & one inferiorly), except T10, T11, &T12. Have single facets, because the 3 false ribs don’t attach to the IVD
- Pedicles protrude directly posterior
21
Q
What is the least mobile region of the vertebrae
A
Pelvic girdle: sacral
22
Q
What is the rule of threes?
A
The amount the spinous process projects posteriorly and inferiorly
23
Q
T1-T3 spinous process projects…
A
posteriorly at the same level as the vertebral body
24
Q
T4-T7 spinous process projects…
A
posteriorly at half a level below the vertebral body.
25
T7-T9 spinous process projects...
posteriorly at a whole level below the vertebral body. At the same level of the vertebral body of T8-T10
26
T10 spinous process projects...
a whole level below
27
T11 spinous process projects...
half a level below
28
T12 spinous process projects...
at the same level
29
Characteristics of the lumbar spine
- Heavy bodies for weight bearing
- Stout transverse processes
- 3/4 of superior and inferior surface of body covered by cartilage end-plate
30
Characteristics of the sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae
- Base: superior facets of S1 articulates with inferior facet of L5
- 4 sacral foramina, translate nerves S1-S4 (anterior-sacral foramina)
- Apex of the sacrum is below & base is above (same for the coccyx)
31
The IVD (cartilaginous joint) connects the
the vertebras of the spine.
32
The intervetebral joint includes
Symphyses and IVD
33
The degeneration of ____ is a natural consequence of aging(wrinkles on the inside)
IVD
34
What are the 2 parts of the IVD?
Annulus fibrosus and Nucleus pulposes
35
The annulus fibrosus is the ___ of the IVD
outer
36
Characteristics of the annulus fibrosus
- Runs criss-cross to each other (one inferiorly to the left and other to the right)
- Outer fibers are pain sensitive
- No blood supply, depends on nutrients imbibed by the nucleus pulposes during movement anchoring mechanism with the end plate.
- The rings are designed to maintain outward pressure.
37
The nucleus pulposes is the ___ of the IVD
inner central piece
38
Characteristics of the nucleus pulposes
- Hydrophyllic
- Gelatinous micro protein & collagen mix
- Conforms to pressure
- Maintains hydration by getting nourishment from the vertebral bodies above & below
- Has no circulatory blood
- Situated more posteriorly L-spine
39
What type of joints are zygopophyseal joints? (facets)
Synovial joints
40
What are the functions of the zygopophyseal joint?
- To protect the IVD in the spine
- To do more to allow movement in the C-spine
- Allows flexion, but also stops flexion to decrease shear on the IVD
41
What are the medial supporting structures of the zygopophyseal joint?
Ligamentum Fluvum: intramedially
| Multifudus: posterio-medially
42
Characteristics of the Anterior Longitudinal ligament (ALL)
- comes from the atlanto-occipital membrane to the sacrum
- Strong & broad ligament that is supplied by nociceptive (pain) nerve endings
- Considered a stabilizer
- Anterior & lateral connections is bound to the rim vertebral body & blends in with the IVD & spreads to connect posteriorly to the PLL
- Thick where the IVD is and thin where the vertebral body is
- loosely attached to the vertebral body so blood vessels can pass to get to and from the vertebral body
43
Which ligament is the only one that limits extension
ALL
44
Characteristics of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
- Runs from the foramen magnum to the sacrum
- Anterior: to the neural sac (duramater)
- Posterior: to the vertebral body & IVD
- Narrower and weaker than the ALL (doesn't get stretched very much)
- thinnest part in the L-spine
- attached laterally to the ALL
- well supplied by nociceptive nerve ending
- attached to the IVD, a bit to the rim of the VB, but not so much to the body of the VB to allow for blood vessel movement
45
Function of the PLL
Prevents disc moving into the dura, because its broader behind the disc than behind the VB
46
Characteristics of ligamentum flavum
- attaches from the lamina of each vertebral level
- broad pale yellow ban of elastic tissue (elastic fibers) Loses elastin fibers with age
- Segmental: goes from lamina above to lamina below, blending together in the midline
- reinforces the medial capsule of anterior portion of the ZPJ
- No nerve supply
- increases in thickness with age as a result of loss of elasticity
- accumulates fatty deposits in the area
47
Characteristic of the interspinous ligament
- Thin & membranous
- resist separation of spinous processes (flexion)
- segmental: fibers attached to ligamentum flavum & fan horizontally to blend with supraspinous ligament
- no nociceptive nerve endings
48
Characteristics of the supraspinous ligament
- cord-like & connects tips of spinous processes, but also attaches & blends in with the interspinous ligament
- comes from C7 to the sacrum & merges superiorly with ligamentum nuchae
49
Characteristics of the intertransverse ligaments
- consist of adjacent transverse processes
- consist of scattered fibers in cervical region
- round- fibrous cords in thoracic region
- thin & membranous in lumbar region
50
What is the IST(interspinous, supraspinous, thoracolumbar) complex?
the attachment of the thoracolumbar fascia to the supraspinous ligament in the lumbar spine
51
What are the superficial muscles of the back?
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, & rhomboid minor
52
what are the two posterior intermediate muscles?
Serratus posterior superior & serratus posterior inferior
53
the deep back muscles includes the ____ which has 3 parts. What is its origin and nerve supply?
Erector spina
Origin: broad tendon that attaches to the iliac crest, sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, and sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
Nerve supply: dorsal primary rami
54
What are the three parts of the erector spina?
- Iliocostalis group (most lateral)
- Longissimus group (intermediate)
- Spinalis group (most medial)
55
Superficial to the erector spina is the _____ muscle & is supplied by the _____
Sternocleidomastoid
| Spinal accessory nerve
56
The splenius muscle group (superficial layer of the deep back muscles) consist of?
Splenius capitus & spenius cervicis
57
The splenius group runs ____
Superiorly and laterally from the spinous process
58
The semispinalis capitus runs from ____ and its fibers run____
cervical spine
| fibers are running superiorly & medially
59
What are the iliocostalis group regions?
Cervicis: cervical region. arises from the 6 upper ribs and attaches to the transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebrae 4-6
Thoracis: thoracic region. Arises from the six lower ribs and attaches to the 6 upper ribs
Lumborum: lumbar region. iliac crest and attaches into the angles of the inferior 6 ribs
60
What are the longissimus group region?
Capitis: attaches to the head. arises from lower 4 cervical vertebrae and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Cervicis: attaches to the cervical region. arises from transverse processes of T1-4 or 6 and attaches to transverse processes of C2-6
Thoracis: attaches to the thoracic region. arises from the lower lumbar spinous processes and sacrum and attaches to the lower nine ribs & associated transverse processes
61
What is a transversospinalis group? (deep layer of intrinsic muscles)
short muscles in grooves between transverse & spinous processes of the vertebrae.
Run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae
62
In thoracic spine, rotatores (deepest muscles) & levatores costorum are said to
lift the ribs
63
The ______ innervate all the muscles that between the angles of the ribs
Posterior primary rami
64
Posterior to the quadratus lumborum is the middle layer of the _____
thoracolumbar fascia
65
The anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia goes _____ of the QL
infront
66
The _____ & _______ is found along the entire section of the vertebral column. This is easiest to observe in the thoracic region
rotatores brevis & rotatores longus
67
The rotatores brevis expands _____ levels
One
68
The rotatores longus expands ___ levels
two
69
The posterior (superficial) layer of the thoracolumbar fascia joins together with the _____ & encase the _____
anterior (middle) layer
| erector spina group
70
The ____ is where the posterior & anterior layers join together
lateral raphae
71
All abdominal muscle attach to the ____, but the ____ has the most direct attachment & the muscle fibers run horizontally, so it has a stronger line of pull on the LR
lateral raphae
| transverse abdominus
72
If all the abdominal muscles pull on the LR, that will singe down and squeeze the layers of the ____, which causes the muscles of the _____ to contract & push out against the 2 layers & help produce an ______
Thoracolumbar fascia
Erector spina group
hydrolic amplifier effect
73
The anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia surrounds the _____
quadratum lumborum
74
Each vertebra is supplied by ____ & ____ of the major cervical & segmental arteries & their spinal branches
periosteal & equatorial
75
Periosteal nutrient branches supply the _____
transverse spinous processes in the bone
76
Equatorial branches come from the ______ supply the ____
lumbar arteries
| the vertebral body
77
Spinal branch of lumbar artery goes into the ____ & forms the nutrient arteries that supply the _____
Intervertebral foramen
| back of the body
78
Parent arteries of ______, _____ & _____ occur at all levels of vertebral column
periosteal, equatorial, & spinal branches
79
Spinal veins form venous plexuses both ___ & ___ vertebral column
inside & outside
80
Which veins are in between venous plexus & come anteriorly into the VB. They have to get past the ALL & PLL, which is why they are loose behind the the VB
Basivertebral veins
81
What is the major reflex center & conduction pathway between the body and the brain?
Spinal cord
82
What protects the spinal cord?
The vertebrae, and its associated ligaments & muscles, spinal meninges (duramater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater) & the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
83
The spinal cord moves with the ____
head, neck, trunk movements
84
The spinal cord is continuous with the..
medulla oblangata of the brain stem
85
The spinal cord ends at level of ___ & ___, in a bunt structure called the ____
L1 & L2. Called the conus medullaris
86
In embryos, the spinal cord...
- Occupies full length of the vertebral column
- Segments lie approx. at the vertebral level of the same number
- Spinal nerves exit laterally through corresponding IV foramen
87
In the fetal period, the spinal cord
- The vertebral column grows faster than the cord
| - Ascends relative to the vertebral canal
88
At birth, the spinal cord
- tips of the conus medullaris is at the L4-5 level
| - cord is shorter than vertebral canal, so spinal nerves exit obliquely (go out downwards and laterally)
89
In adults, the spinal cord
- ends at L1-2 level (the normal level). (Range is T12-L3)
| - loose bundle of lumbar & sacral spinal nerves (descending nerve roots), called the caudal equina
90
What is a lumbar cistern?
An enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the conus medullaris of the spinal cord & inferior end of subarachnoid space & the dura mater
91
Where does the cauda equina sit?
in the lumbar cistern
92
Where is the multifudus found?
found from C2-S4 vertebrae. Most prominent in the lumbar region
93
Where are the rotatores found?
Along the entire length of the vertebral column. Easiest to observe in the thoracic region
94
What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?
cervical and lumbar
95
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
96
First cervical nerve exits between____ and ____
skull and atlas
97
Cervical nerves exit _____
above their proper vertebrae
98
The 8th cervical spine exits between the ____ & __. Why?
C7 & T1.
Because there are 8 cervical spinal nerves & 7 cervical vertebrae, so a change occurs at C7, T1.
99
Dorsal roots carry _____; cell bodies are located in the _____. The ganglion is located in the _____
Sensory information
In the dorsal root ganglion
Intervertebral foramen
100
Ventral roots carry ___. Cell bodies are located in the _____
Motor information
| Gray matter of the spinal cord
101
Roots come together and form nerves as they exit the ___
intervertebral foramen
102
The nerves immediately split into _____ & ______
Ventral primary rami & dorsal primary rami
103
Ventral primary rami travel ___ providing ____ and ____ innervation
Anteriorly
| Motor and sensory
104
Dorsal primary rami travel toward the ____ to provide innervation to the structures in the back
back
105
The connective tissue of the Dura, arachnoid and pia maters around the peripheral nerve change names to become
Epineurium, endoneurium, and myesoneurium
106
What is the dendate/denticulate ligament?
A film of tissue that comes from the pia mater and attaches to the inside of the arachnoid mater and duramater
107
Function of the dentate/denticulate ligament
Provide stability for the spinal cord within the cerebrous spinal fluid within the sac of the duramater
108
What are the form plexus areas of concentrated innervation
Cervical C1-4
Brachial C5-T1
Lumbar T12-L5
Sacral L4-S5
109
The duramater is innervated by ____ & contains ____ fibers
The recurrent meningeal nerves
Afferent & sympathetic fibers
110
What is the filum terminale?
a piece of connective tissue thats as extension of the pia. Goes from the conus medullaris all the way down to the sacral-coccygeal region.
*anchoring point for the tail end of the spinal cord*
111
_____ centralizes the position of the spina cord
Flexion
112
What are the effects of spinal flexion?
- elongation of the spinal cord
- increased tension
- sliding of neural contents in canal
113
The spinal cord ___ and __ with spinal flexion
| The spinal cord ___ and ___ with extension
Unfolds and lengthens
| Folds and shorten
114
The neurodynamics test is used to
assess the mobility & sensitivity to movement of the nervous system
115
What are the boundaries of the abdominal wall?
- Superior: right & left costal margins, xiphisternal joint
- Inferior: a line in either side connecting the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) to the pubic symphysis
- Lateral: vertical lines ascending from the ASIS on each side
- Posterior: lumbar paravertebral musculature
116
For descriptive purposes, the abdomen is divided into ____ planes and ____ regions
4 & 9
117
The subcostal plane is
line through the most inferior points of the costal cartilage, 10th costal cartilage. The line passes through the body of L3 vertebra
118
The transtubercular plane is
line passes through the iliac tubercles at the level of the L5 vertebra
119
The sagittal plane is
mid-clavicular lines, extends inferior from the mid-clavicle to the mid-inguinal point.
120
The transpyloric plane is
a bit higher than the subcostal plane, goes through the body of L1.
Imp because it goes through the pyloric spinchter of the stomach
121
What planes divide the abdomen into nine region?
Subcostal, sagittal, and transtubercular plane
122
What is in the upper region?
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondric
123
What is in the middle region?
right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
124
What is in lower region?
right inguinal, hypogastric left inguinal
125
What organs are in the RUQ?
Liver, gallbladder, right suprarenal gland, right kidney, and superior part of ascending colon
126
What organs are in the LUQ?
Spleen, stomach, pancreas: body and tail, left kidney, transverse colon(left half), descending colon (superior part)
127
What organs are in the RLQ?
cecum, vermiform appendix, right ovary, right ureter, most of the ileum
128
What organs are in the LLQ?
sigmoid colon, inferior part of the descending colon, left ovary, left ureter, left spermatic cord
129
What is the rectus sheath and how is it formed?
It is a dense fibrous sheath enclosing the rectus abdominis muscle.
It is formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses(flat tendons of muscles) of the abdominal muscles.
130
Above the level of the umbilicus, the rectus sheath is anteriorly
Anteriorly: external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and 1⁄2 of the Internal abdominal oblique aponeurosis
131
Above the level of the umbilicus, the rectus sheath is posteriorly
Posteriorly-1⁄2 of the Internal abdominal oblique aponeurosis and the aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis
132
The anterior and posterior walls meet and fuse in the anterior median line called the
linea alba
133
Below the level of the umbilicus, the rectus sheath anteriorly
Anteriorly–The aponeurosis from all three muscles now pass anteriorly over the rectus abdominis with no fascia from the muscle passing posteriorly
134
Below the level of the umbilicus, the rectus sheath posteriorly
Posteriorly–a thin fascial film remains posteriorly that protects the rectus abdominis from rubbing against the abdominal contents.
135
The point of transition were all three aponeurosis pass anteriorly is marked by the
arcuate line
136
Innervation of the anterior abdominal wall is _____ arranged
segmentally
137
The anterior abdominal wall is supplied by
the ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves of T6 – T11, ventral primary
ramus of T12 or subcostal nerve and the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves from the ventral
primary ramus of L 1
c) Landmarks for innervation
i) T10 – umbilical region
ii) T7 – xiphoid area
iii) L 1 – pubic area
138
What landmarks for innervation of the anterior abdominal wall
i) T10 – umbilical region
ii) T7 – xiphoid area
iii) L1 – pubic area
139
Arterial supply of the anterior abdominal wall
Superior epigastric - branch of the internal thoracic artery
| Inferior epigastric - a branch of the external iliac
140
The superior epigastric & inferior epigastric arteries enter the ______ posterior to the rectus abdominis and anastomoses with
the rectus muscle
rectus sheath
141
The _____ that accompany the intercostal nerves also contribute to the arterial supply of the anterior abdominal wall
posterior intercostal arteries
142
Additional supply comes from the direct branches of
the abdominal aorta and lumbar arteries
143
The inguinal canal is
a passage from the abdominal cavity through the anterior abdominal wall
144
The inguinal ligament is a
fibrous band extending from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic
tubercle.
145
The inguinal canal is formed by
folds of the external oblique aponeurosis
146
What are the two types of inguinal rings?
superficial and deep
147
The contents of the inguinal canal
Spermatic cord in males
Round ligament of the uterus in females
Inguinal nerve
Blood and lymphatic vessels
148
Direct/acquired hernia
occurs overtime because of weakening of the hesselbach's triangle, some of the adbominal contents can work its way through the superficial inguinal ring
149
What is a peritoneum & what are the two layers?
thin, transparent serous membrane that consists of two layers
Parietal peritoneum
& Visceral peritoneum
150
The parietal peritoneum lines
lines the abdominal wall
151
The visceral peritoneum lines
lines the visceral organs
152
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is lined with
serous fluid to allow movement without friction between the
| wall and the organs or between organs
153
____ organs are covered by peritoneum
not all
154
What is the retroperitoneal space?
an anatomical space in the abdominal cavity that is behind the peritoneum
155
Retroperitoneal organs are structures that
are not suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity & lie between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall.
EX: adrenal gland, kidneys, ureter, aorta & the inf. vena cava
156
Secondary retroperitoneal organs are
structures that were once suspended by the mesentery, but they migrated posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal. EX: Asc & Desc colon
157
What are the specialized parts of the peritoneum?
Mesentery and omentum
158
The mesentery is
the double layer of peritoneum that encloses the abdominal organs.
159
The mesentery provides
a means of neurovascular communication and organ attachment to posterior
abdominal wall.
EX: the tissue connecting the small intestine
160
The mesentery is contained with
the fibrous tissue of the mesentery are blood and lymph vessels, nerves,
lymph nodes, and adipose tissue.
161
The omentum is
double layer of peritoneum that attach the stomach to the body wall or other
abdominal organs
162
The greater omentum is
fat laden fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach with the
transverse colon
163
The lesser omentum
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to the
liver
164
The abdominal cavity is located ____ and limited ____
| b) It contains the peritoneum and abdominal viscera
- superior to the pelvic inlet
| - superiorly by the thoracic diaphragm.
165
The abdominal cavity contains the ____
peritoneum and abdominal viscera
166
The esophagus is a
muscular tube that extends from pharynx to the stomach (25cm in length)
167
What is the function of the esophagus?
transportation of food from oral cavity to stomach
168
The esophagus passes through ___
the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm to enter into the abdominal
cavity
169
______ creates rapid food movement from the oral cavity to the stomach
Peristaltic action
170
____ is the expandable part of the digestive tract that lies between the esophagus and the small intestine.
Stomach
171
Function of the stomach is to
provide enzymatic digestion of food, converting solid food into a liquid mixture called chyme.
172
Four parts that the stomach divided into
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric
173
The cardia of the stomach is
the part surrounding the cardial orifice. The orifice marks the connection between the stomach and the esophagus
174
The fundus of the stomach is
dilated superior aspect of the stomach that is related to the left dome of the diaphragm
175
The body of the stomach is
center, lying between the fundus and the pyloric antrum
176
The pyloric of the stomach is
funnel-shaped region of the stomach at the bottom. The distal aspect is
characterized by the pyloric sphincter which controls discharge of the stomach contents into the duodenum
177
The small intestine's function is
to continue with food digestion
178
The 3 parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
179
The duodenum is
First and shortest part
C-shaped, divided into four parts:Superior,Descending,Horizontal,Ascending Bile and pancreatic ducts enter into the duodenum for digestive purposes.
180
The ileum is
Together the Jejunum and Ileum are 6 to 7 meter long.
(ii) There is no clear demarcation between the two but surgeons are able to
distinguish differences by some of the following characteristics: the Jejunum is often redder, thicker, and has a greater vascularity then the ileum
181
The spleen is ____ & located
Largest Lymphatic organ
| Located in the left upper abdominal quadrant
182
What is the primary function of the spleen?
to eliminate old and damaged cells from the circulation, filter
antigens, and contribute to the immune response.
183
The removal ____ seriously impair the immune response
does not
184
The pancreas lies _____ to the stomach
posterior
185
Functions of the pancreas
- Secreting gastric juices for the small intestine that enters the duodenum via the pancreatic ducts
- Endocrine gland supplying the body with insulin and glucagons from the Islets of Langerhans.
186
For descriptive purposes, the pancreas is divided into
Head, neck, body, and tail
187
____ is largest gland in the body and is found in the right upper quadrant
The liver
188
What is the function of the liver?
metabolic activities, secretion of bile, and storage of glycogen
It also is responsible for processing the products of digestion as well as endogenous and
exogenous substances like drugs and toxins that enter the circulation
189
The portal triad is made up of
The bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein
190
The bile duct is formed by the
common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (GallBladder)
191
The hepatic artery arises from
the aorta and delivers well oxygenated blood to the
| liver
192
The portal vein arises from the
mesenteric and splenic veins and empties into the liver.
| Carries nutrient rich blood.
193
The function of the gallbladder is
Bile storage and increase in concentration
194
The gallbladder released when
fat enters the duodenum via the Cystic duct to the bile duct
195
The first part of the large intestine is
Cecum
196
The _____ connects the ileum with the cecum
ileocecal valve
197
Attached to the cecum is the ____
vermiform appendix
198
Four parts that the colon is described in
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
199
Function of the colon is to
remove fluid from fecal matter
200
___ is a continuation of the colon
rectum and anal canal
201
Kidneys lie on _____
the posterior abdominal wall
202
Function of the kidney is
remove excess water, salts, and wastes of protein metabolism from the blood
while retuning nutrients and chemicals back to the blood.
203
Ureters convey
the waste products absorbed by the kidneys to the bladder in the
pelvis.
204
The ureters run
inferiorly from the kidney, over the common iliac arteries to the
bladder.
205
Superior aspect of the kidney contains the
Suprarenal Glands or adrenal glands.
206
Suprarenal Glands or adrenal glands functions to
produce hormone and steroid production for the body.
207
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
Bladder and reproductive organs
208
The bladder is an
Hollow pouch with strong muscular walls with characteristic of distensibility.
209
The function of the bladder is to
temporary reservoir for urine
210
The ovaries are
female reproductive glands. Produces ova or oocytes and estrogen
211
The fallopian tubes or uterine tubes extend
laterally from the uterus and open near the
| ovaries.
212
The fallopian tubes or uterine tubes function to
convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.
213
The uterus is a
thick walled, pear-shaped, hollow muscular organ. Provides environment for
embryo and fetus development
214
The cervix is the
neck region of the uterus.
215
The vagina is a
musculomembraneous tube extending from the cervix to the vestibule of the
vagina.
216
The vagina functions as a
passage way
217
The testis are
male gonad, one of two reproductive glands found in the scrotum.
218
The testis functions to
produce spermatozoa and the male hormone testosterone.
219
The seminal vesicle lies
between the bladder and the rectum
220
The seminal vesicle functions
to secrete a thick
| alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as the pass into the ejaculatory duct.
221
____ is a continuation of the duct of the epididymus
Ductus Deferensor Vas Deferens
222
Ejaculatory duct is a
slender tube that arises by the union of the duct of a seminal vesicle
with the ductus deferens and connects into the urethra
223
The prostate is
an accessory gland, secretes fluid that helps to form part of the seminal fluid
224
The posterior abdominal wall is formed by
- Bones -lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, wings of the ilium and ribs
- Muscles - diaphragm, iliacus, psoas major, quadratus lumborum
225
_____ is made up of the sacrum, and two os coxae or hip bones
Pelvic girdle
226
The fusion that forms the os coxae occurs at the ___
acetabulum
227
Each os coxa articulates with the other at the _____ anteriorly, with the ____ posteriorly and the ____ inferiorly.
Pubic symphysis
Sacrum
Femur
228
The three elements of the os coxae are
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
229
Lumbar plexus of the lumbosacral plexus is derived from
L1, 2, 3 & part of L4
230
Sacral plexus of the lumbosacral plexus is derived from
L4-S4
231
Nerves of the lumbar plexus is
```
liohypogastric - L 1
Ilioinguinal - L 1
Genitofemoral - L 1, L2
Lateral femoral cutaneous - L2, L3
Femoral - L2, L3, L4
Obturator - L2, L3, L4
```
232
Part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 joins ventral primary ramus of L5 to form the ______, which in turn joins S 1-4 to form the sacral plexus.
lumbosacral trunk
233
Sacral plexus gives rise to the following nerves
- Superior gluteal- L4, L5, S1
- Inferior gluteal- L5, S1, S2
- Sciatic - L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
- Pudendal- S2, S3, S4
- Twigs to the piriformis - S1, S2, S3, S4
- Nerve to the obturator internus - L5, S1, S2
- Nerve to the quadratus femoris - L4, L5, S1
234
Descending ____ enters the abdominal cavity through the diaphragm and becomes the abdominal aorta.
thoracic aorta
235
The abdominal aorta divides at the level of L4 vertebra into ____
right and left common iliac arteries.
236
The common iliac arteries divide into ____
internal and external iliac arteries
237
______ supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity
Internal iliac
238
_____ passes under the inguinal ligament and enters the anterior compartment of
the thigh. It changes names to the femoral artery when crossing under the ligament.
External iliac
239
The ______ arises from the external iliac artery before it enters the anterior thigh compartment. It supplies the inferior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall
inferior epigastric artery
240
What is the largest vein in the body?
inferior vena cava
241
What returns blood from both lower extremities, anterior abdominal wall and abdominal pelvic viscera?
inferior vena cava
242
The inferior vena cava arises
about the L5 vertebra from a union of the common iliac veins.
243
The inferior vena cava ascends through _____ in the diaphragm and continues to the heart.
vena cava foramen
244
The diaphragm is a
musculotendinous partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is the major muscle of respiration.
245
The diaphragm is composed
Central tendon, & Peripheral muscular portion which has three parts
246
The central tendon is
the shape of a boomerang into which the peripheral muscular portion inserts
247
Three parts of the peripheral muscular portion
Sternal portion, Costal portion, Lumbar portion
248
Sternal portion fibers arise from the
xiphoid and inserting into the central tendon
249
The costal portion arises from
the internal surface of the lower six ribs and costal cartilage and
lateral and medial arcuate ligaments
250
The lumbar portion arises from the
lumbar vertebra in the form of a right crus and left crus. The right crus arise from LV 1-3 and their intervertebral discs. The left crus arise from the LV 1,2 and their intervertebral discs.
251
What are the openings in the diaphragm
Sternocostal hiatus, Foramen for the inferior vena cava, Esophageal hiatus, Aortic hiatus
252
The sternocostal hiatus is the
passage of the superior epigastric vessels and some lymphatics
253
The foramen for the inferior vena cava is the
passage for the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
254
The esophageal hiatus is the
passage for the esophagus and vagal trunks
255
The aortic hiatus is the
passage for the aorta and thoracic ducts
256
Sympathetic trunk passes posterior to the ______
medial arcuate ligament
257
What are the regions of the cervical spine
upper region & lower region
258
What bones are in the upper region of the cervical spine?
Occiput through C2-C3
259
What bones are in the lower region of the cervical spine?
C2-C3 through C7
260
What makes the cervical vertebrae different from the other vertebrae?
It has a transverse foramen
261
What are the 4 parts of a vertebral artery?
- 1st part branches from the subclavian artery
- 2nd part ascends through transverse foramina of C6- atlas
- 3rd part, once through transverse foramen of C1 turns 90 degrees posterior
- 4th part is 90 degrees turn medially to gain access to vertebrobasilar system
