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Phys 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction

A

Stimulus is changed into electrical signal

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2
Q

Types of stimuli

A

Mechanical deformation
Chemical
Change in temperature
Electromagnetic

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3
Q

Example of electromagnetic stimuli

A

Rods and cones in retina

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4
Q

4 attributes of sensory systems

A

Modality
Location
Intensity
Timing

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5
Q

Myelination increases conduction velocity by how much

A

6 fold

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6
Q

Type of Lloyd’s nerve fiber that is unmyelinated

A

Type IV

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7
Q

1 micron = __ meter/second

A

1

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8
Q

Lloyd’s type I fiber diameter

A

12-20 microns

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9
Q

Lloyd’s type II fiber diameter

A

4-12 microns

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10
Q

Lloyd’s type III diameter

A

1-4 microns

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11
Q

Lloyd’s type IV diameter

A

<1

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12
Q

Lloyd’s system is used for

A

Afferents from receptors in muscle and spinal joints

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13
Q

A change in receptor potential is associated with

A

Opening of ion (Na+) channels

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14
Q

Above threshold, what happens as the receptor potential becomes less negative

A

Frequency of AP into CNS increases

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15
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased firing rate over time in response to a sustained stimulus

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16
Q

Slow firing receptors

A

Merkel’s discs

Ruffini end organ’s

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17
Q

Merkel’s discs are located in

A

Epidermis/dermis

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18
Q

Ruffini end organ’s located in

A

Dermis

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19
Q

Ruffini end organ’s are activated by

A

Stretching the skin

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20
Q

Rapid firing receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles

Meissner’s corpuscles

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21
Q

Rapid firing receptors respond to

A

Vibration

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22
Q

The deeper the receptor, the _________ the receptive field.

A

Bigger

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23
Q

Membrane adaptation due to

A

Entry of calcium ions during action potentials

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24
Q

Ca2+ opens a K+ channel which

A

Increases permeability of the membrane for K+

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25
Type 1 mechanoreceptors found where
Outer layers of joint capsule
26
Type 1 mechanoreceptors have high or low threshold?
Low
27
Type II mechanoreceptors found where
Deeper layers of joint capsule
28
Type II mechanoreceptors have high or low threshold
Low
29
Type I mechanoreceptors fast or slow adapting?
Slow
30
Type I mechanoreceptors have tonic or phasic effects on lower motor neuron pools
Tonic
31
Type II mechanoreceptors slow or rapid adaptors?
Rapid
32
Type II mechanoreceptors have tonic or phasic effects on lower motor neuron pools?
Phasic
33
Type III mechanoreceptors found where
Spinal joints
34
Type III mechanoreceptors high or low threshold?
Very high
35
Type III mechanoreceptors adaptation
Slow
36
Joint version of Golgi tendon organ
Type III mechanoreceptors
37
Type IV receptors
Nociceptors
38
Type IV receptors high or low threshold?
Very high
39
Type IV receptors in physiologic normal joint
Completely inactive
40
Tactile information is fragmented by receptors therefore..
It must be integrated by the brain
41
Stereognosis
Ability to perceive form through touch
42
Stereognosis tests the ability of
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
43
Sensory modality categories
Pressure Cold Warmth Nociceptors
44
Wet perception stimulated by
Pressure and temperature receptors
45
Ticklishness stimulated by
Gentle stimulation of pressure receptors
46
Itching stimulated by
Gentle stimulation of nociceptors
47
When fine textures are stroked, fingerprint ridges vibrate and cause what sensory receptor to respond
Pacinian corpuscles
48
Meissner’s corpuscles
Rapid adaptors | Superficial (small field)
49
Pacinian corpuscle
Rapid adaptor | Deep (large field)
50
Merkel’s discs
Slow adaptor | Superficial (small field)
51
Ruffini’s end-organ
Slow adaptor | Deep (large field)
52
Lateral inhibition
Enhances edges but does NOT improve acuity
53
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system perceives
Touch and proprioception
54
Anterolateral system perceives
Crude touch, nociception, temperature, tickle, itch and sexual sensations
55
Cortical neurons defined by
Receptive field and modality
56
Most nerve cells are responsive to how many modalities?
One
57
Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2 location
Postcentral gyrus
58
Brodmann area 3a receives input from
Muscle stretch receptors
59
Brodmann area 3b receives input from
Cutaneous receptors
60
Brodmann area 2 receives input from
Deep pressure receptors
61
Brodmann area 1 receives input from
Rapidly adapting cutaneous receptors
62
Motion sensitive neurons respond to
Movement in ALL directions
63
Direction-sensitive neurons respond
To movement in ONE direction
64
Orientation-sensitive neurons respond to
Movement along a specific axis
65
Brodmann area 5 integrates what type of information
Tactile from mechanoreceptors in skin | Proprioceptive input from underlying muscles and joints
66
Brodmann area 7 receives what type of input
Visual, tactile, proprioceptive inputs
67
Brodmann area 7 integrates what type of info
Sterognostic and visual
68
Secondary somatic sensory cortex location
Superior bank of lateral fissure
69
Secondary somatic sensory cortex projects to where
Insular cortex
70
Secondary somatic sensory cortex believed to be important in
Tactile memory
71
Types of thermoreceptors
Cold | Warm
72
Thermoreceptors discharge spontaneously under
Normal conditions
73
Thermoreceptors discharge phasically when
Skin temp. Changes rapidly
74
Considered extreme skin temps
<10 C | >50 C
75
Nociceptors activated by what types of stimuli
Mechanical Thermal Chemical
76
Sensations of pain
``` Pricking Burning Aching Stinging Soreness ```
77
Nociception
Reception of signals in CNS
78
Pain
Perception of adversive or unpleasant sensation

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