Special Senses Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Special senses include
A
Vision
Audition
Smell
Taste
2
Q
Greatest refraction between
A
Air and cornea
3
Q
Diopter =
A
1 meter/ focal length
4
Q
Convex lens expressed as
A
+ diopter
5
Q
Concave lens expressed as
A
- diopter
6
Q
PSNS ____ lens strength
A
Increases
7
Q
PSNS causes ___ of ciliary muscles, causing lens to become more ____, ____ refractive power
A
Contraction
Convex
Increasing
8
Q
Hyperopia
A
Farsighted
Focal point behind retina
9
Q
Treat hyperopia with
A
Convex lens
10
Q
Myopia
A
Nearsighted
Focal point in front of retina
11
Q
Treat myopia with
A
Concave lens
12
Q
Greatest area of visual acuity
A
Fovea centralis
13
Q
Fovea centralis has greatest acuity due to
A
Long slender cones
14
Q
Depth perception accomplished by
A
Relative size
Moving parallax
Stereopsis (binocular vision)
15
Q
Glaucoma
A
Increased intraocular pressure
16
Q
Only retinal cells that generate action potentials
A
Ganglion cells
17
Q
Photoreceptors in retina
A
Rods
Cones
18
Q
Lights ____ photoreceptors, causing them to release ____ glutamate
A
Hyperpolarizes
Less
19
Q
Light breaks down ___ and cone pigments
A
Rhodopsin
20
Q
Bipolar cells connect photoreceptors to
A
Ganglion cells or amacrine cells
21
Q
Bipolar cells are for the passive spread of
A
Summated postsynaptic potentials
22
Q
2 types of bipolar cells
A
- On
Hyperpolarized by glutamate - Off
Depolarized by glutamate
23
Q
Types of ganglion cells
A
P (X)
M (Y)
W
24
Q
P ganglion cells
A
- 55%
- Input- bipolar
- Rec. Field - small
- C Velocity- slow
- Response- slow adapting
- Project to parvo of LGN
- Function- color
25
M ganglion cells
1. 5%
2. Input- amacrine
3. Rec. Field- large
4. C Velocity- fast
5. Response- fast adapting
6. Project to magno of LGN
7. Function- B&W, movement
26
W ganglion cells
1. Smallest
2. Slowest
3. 40%
4. Light intensity detectors
5. Detest directional movement
6. Input from rods
7. Important for crude vision in dim light
27
Horizontal cells
Make complex synaptic connections with photoreceptors
28
Amacrine cells receive input from bipolar cells and project to
Ganglion cells
29
In dark adaptation, ___ adapt first, but ___ have higher adaptation ability
Cones
| Rods
30
MC colors blindness
Red- green color
31
Loss of red cones
Protanope
32
Loss of green cones
Deuteranope
33
Loss of red cones cause
Decrease in overall visual spectrum
34
Loss of green cones causes
Normal overall visual spectrum
35
Visual pathway
1. Optic nerve to optic chiasm
2. Optic Chiasm to Optic tract
3. Optic tract to lateral geniculate
4. Lateral geniculate to primary visual cortex
36
Lesion in optic nerve will cause
Blind in single eye
37
Lesion in optic chiasm will result in
Bitemporal hemianopia
| Loss of peripheral vision
38
Lesion in optic tract will cause
Homonymous hemianopia
Ex. Lesion on R tract will cause loss of left field of vision for both eyes
39
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Biological clock
40
Protectal nuclei
Reflex movement of eyes
41
Superior colliculus
Rapid directional movement of both eyes
42
Primary visual cortex
Brodman area 17
43
Color blobs are rich in
Cytochrome oxidase
44
Color blobs are starting point of
Cortical color processing
45
Parvo-interblob
B & W
46
Blob
Color
47
Old visual pathway projects to
Superior colliculus
48
New visual pathway projects to
Cortex
49
____ is mostly lost when superior colliculus is destroyed
Involuntary fixation
50
PSNS causes pupil size to ___ (aka ___)
Decrease
| Miosis
51
SNS causes pupil size to ___ (aka ___)
Increase
| Mydriasis
52
Horner’s Syndrome
Interruption of SNS supply to eye
53
Symptoms of Horner’s
Constricted pupil
| Drooping eyelid
54
CN 6 controls
Lateral rectus
55
CN 4 controls
Superior Oblique
56
CN 3 controls
The other 4
57
Elevate adducted eye
IO
58
Depress adducted eye
SO
59
Intorsion of adducted eye
SR
60
Extorsion of adducted eye
IR
61
Elevate abducted eye
SR
62
Depress abducted eye
IR
63
Intorsion of abducted eye
SO
64
Extorsion of abducted eye
IO
65
Greatest auditory acuity
1000-4000 Hz
66
Impedance matching
Between sound waves in air and sound vibrations generated in cochlear fluid
67
Ossicular System
Reduces amplitude by 1/4
Increases pressure against oval window
68
Scali vestibuli separated from Scali media by
Reissner’s membrane
69
Scali vestibuli and scali tympani are filled with
Perilymph
70
Scali media separated from scala tympani by
Basilar membrane
71
___ enriched with K+
Scali media
72
Scali media enriched with
Endolymph
73
Function of cochlea
Change mechanical vibrations in fluid into AP in CN 8
74
Sound vibrations created in the fluid cause movement of the
Basilar membrane
75
Hair cells near oval window (base) respond best to
Higher frequencies
76
Hair cells near helicotrema (apex) respond best to
Lower frequencies
77
Central auditory pathway
1. Cochlea to ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei in medulla
2. Cochlear N to superior olivary N
3. Superior olivary N to inferior colliculus
4. Inferior colliculus to medial geniculate N
5. Medial geniculate to primary auditory cortex
78
Primary auditory cortex located in
Superior gyrus of temporal lobe
79
In primary auditory cortex, high frequency sounds are located ___ and low frequency sounds are located ___
Posterior
Anterior
80
Time lag between ears involves
Medial Superior olivary N
81
Difference in intensities of sounds in both ears involves
Lateral superior olivary N
82
Primary sensations of taste and causes
1. Sour - Acids
2. Salty - ionized salts
3. Sweet - organic chemicals, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, inorganic salts of Pb and Be
4. Bitter - alkaloids (N)
5. Umami - MSG
83
Anterior 2/3 of tongue supplied by
Lingual N to chorda tympani to facial N
84
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN 9
85
Base of tongue and palate supplied by
CN 10
86
G protein linked receptors
Bitter
Sweet
Umami
87
Ion channels
Sour
| Salty
88
Vomeronasal organ
More receptive than olfactory epithelium to pheromones
89
Pheromones have profound effects on
Behavior
90
Olfactory cells are
Bipolar nerve cells
91
Bowman’s glands secrete
Mucus
92
Sustentacular cells are
Supporting cells
93
Unusually high concentration of ___ inside olfactory receptors, prolonging ___
Cl-
Depolarization
94
Anosmia
Odor blindness
95
Amygdala important in
Emotional responses
96
Pyriform and periamygdaloid cortex
Olfactory perception
97
Rostral entorhinal cortex
Olfactory memories
98
Less Old CNS pathway is the only cortex that
Doesn’t relay information to thalamus
99
Mitral cells
Send axons to CNS via olfactory tract
100
Tufted cells
Send axons to CNS via olfactory tract
101
Granule cells
Inhibitory cell which can decrease neural traffic
Aid in localization of smell
102
Periglomerular cells
Inhibitory cells between glomerulus
