Exam 3 Continued Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Non Rem (NREM) sleep aka
A
Slow wave sleep
2
Q
NREM I associated with
A
Horizontal eye drift
3
Q
NREM II associated with
A
Sleep spindles
K complexes
4
Q
NREM IV associated with
A
High amplitude delta waves
5
Q
REM EEG resembles the
A
Awake state
6
Q
REM is easiest for
A
Internal arousability
7
Q
REM is hardest for
A
External arousability
8
Q
Slow wave sleep primarily in the
A
First few hours of sleep
9
Q
Electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) produces
A
Slow wave sleep
10
Q
Lesions in NTS produces
A
Cortical desynchronization
11
Q
REM ruled by
A
Limbic system
12
Q
Lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produces
A
Insomnia
13
Q
Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia by
A
Blocking production of serotonin from tryptophan
14
Q
SWS can be restored in PCPA induced insomnia via
A
5 hydroxytrytophan (5HTP)
15
Q
Serotonin modulates sleep via effects on other hypnogenic factors in
A
Anterior hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus
16
Q
Serotonin is precursor for
A
Melatonin
17
Q
Melatonin synthesized and released by
A
Pineal gland
18
Q
___ can be treated with melatonin
A
Jet lag
19
Q
Preoptic nucleus of anterior hypothalamus inhibits waking areas in
A
Rostral midbrain and mesopontine reticular core
20
Q
Prostaglandins D2 highly concentrated in
A
Preoptic nucleus
21
Q
Prostaglandin D2 induces both
A
SWS and REM sleep
22
Q
Prostaglandin inhibition by ___ can decrease diurnal sleep
A
Indomethacin
23
Q
Sleep spindles and delta waves involve ___ via inhibition promote brain deafferentation
A
GABAergic neurons
24
Q
Sedatives and hypnotics stimulate ____ and facilitate sleep
A
GABA receptors
25
Sleep spindles are ___ generated by oscillatory activity in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus
Rhythmic cortical waveforms
26
Slow waves are generated in
Neocortical circuits
27
Increase in GABAergic anterior hypothalamic preoptic and basal forebrain neurons associated with
SWS
28
Somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs during
SWS
29
REM sleep: Cortical EEG is highly
Desynchronized
30
REM sleep associated with
Pontine geniculate occipital spikes (PGO)
31
PGO spikes are associated with
Rapid eye movements
| Dreaming
32
PGO spikes originate from
REM on cells
33
REM sleep has been eliminated by lesioning
Ventral to locus ceruleus
34
REM sleep induced by
Cholinergic stimulation of pons
35
REM off cells become __ during REM
Silent
36
Many antidepressants are REM suppressors by increasing activity of
NorEpi
37
REM sleep behavior disorder
Bursts of excessive limp and body movements during REM
38
Other changes in sleep
Reduction in body and brain temp
Brain metabolism decreases 20-35% in SWS
Inhibition of TSH, cortisol, and stimulation of GH and prolactin
39
__ acts of endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temp
Suprachiamatic nucleus
40
Function of sleep
Restore normal levels of brain activity
| Enhance immune function
41
Sleep deprivation can raise
Cortisol
42
Cortisol increases insulin, which promotes
Fat storage
43
Ghrelin
Increase feeling of hunger
44
Leptin
Decrease hunger
45
Increasing sleep ___ leptin and __ ghrelin
Increases
Decreases
46
Sleep deprivation ___ leptin and __ ghrelin
Decrease
Increase
47
Narcolepsy associated with abnormalities of ___
Hypocretin NT system
48
Hypocretins aka
Orexins
49
Hypocretins act primarily as
Excitatory NT
50
Hypocretins have primary role in control of
Sleep and arousal
51
Kindling
Increase in neuroexcitability due to multiple acute withdrawals
52
Alcohol withdrawal kindling associated with
Increase in fear and anxiety
Cognitive impairments
53
Alcohol has acute effects on ____ and NMDA suppression
GABAergic enhancement
54
Virtually all immune cells posses
Both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
55
Activation of SNS inhibits proliferation of ___ and results in suppression of immune response
Lymphocytes
56
Stress activates
SNS
57
Cytokines are ____ produced by immune cells
Soluble mediators
58
Activated immune cells can cross ___ and releases cytokines to ___
BBB
Brain
59
Trio of inflammatory cytokines
IL-1
IL-6
TNF
60
Involved in immune cell proliferation and fever production
IL-1
61
IL-1 produced by
Glial cells and neurons
62
Neg effects of elevated Il-1 offset by
Endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonists
63
TNF alpha can suppress ___ directly and indirectly
Thyroid function
64
TNF alpha produced by
Macrophages
65
TNF alpha can be inhibited by
Vagal cholinergic stimulation
66
Neuroendocrine peptides produced by
Immune cells
67
ACTH suppresses macrophage activation and synthesis of
Antibodies by B cells
68
Gonadotropins decrees activity of
T cells and NK cells
69
PrL enhances activity of macrophages and synthesis of
Interferon
70
Dopamine ___ PrL release
Inhibits
71
TSH enhances
Antibody synthesis
72
VIP inhibits
Proliferation of lymphocytes and NK cells
73
Patients with spinal cord injury have decreased
NK cell function
T cell function
CAMs
74
Chronic stress is associated with immune suppression, caused by
Corticosteroids
| Catecholamines
75
___ (an opioid receptor blocker) negates melatonin effect
Naltrexone
76
Melatonin enhances
Immune system
77
Axotomy dooms
Distal segment
78
Neuronal degradation can propagate through circuit in both ___ and __ directions
Antro and retrograde
79
Regenerative capacity: PNS___ than CNS
More plastic
80
To minimize damage in nerve trauma, ____ can be used to prevent excitotoxicity
NMDA receptor antagonists
81
Focal hand dystonia
Patient unable to independently control digits of hand
82
Glia affect
Synaptogenesis
83
Major output pathway of limbic system
Hypothalamus
84
Hypothalamus controls vegetative functions including
```
Body temp
Osmolarity
Motivation
Thirst and hunger
Cardiovascular regulation
Uterine contractility
Milk ejection
```
85
Stimulation of lateral hypothalamus
Thirst
Rage
Fighting
86
Stimulation of ventromedial nucleus
Satiety
| Tranquility
87
Stimulation of periventricular nucleus or central gray
Fear and punishment reactions
88
Extreme anterior or posterior regions of hypothalamus
Sex drive
89
Reward centers located in
Medial forebrain
Especially lateral and VM nuclei
90
Punishment centers located
Aqueduct of sylvius
91
VTA sends out ___ to amygdala, striatum, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, ant Cingular cortex, prefrontal cortex
Dopamine
92
Lowest density of endogenous opiate receptors
Cerebral cortex
93
Highest density of endogenous opiate receptors
Amygdala
| Hypothalamus
94
Bilateral ablation of amygdala results in
Kluver- Bucy Syndrome
| Loss of fear, excessive sexual drive, pain asymbolia, examine objects orally
95
Constitute 1/2 volume of brain
Glial cells
96
Major types of glial cells
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
97
Macrophage of the CNS
Microglia
98
Astrocytes store ___ and can supply fuel to neurons in the form of ___
Glycogen
Lactate
99
___ modify and control immediate environment of neurons
Astrocytes
100
Astrocytes permeable to ___ primarily
K+
101
Astrocytes signal with
Ca2+ waves
102
Source of trophic factors for neurons
Astrocytes
103
Astrocytes have affinity for NT like ___ and ___
Glutamate
| GABA
104
Functional syncytium
Ca2+ waves travel across adjacent astrocytes via gap junctions
105
Oligodendrocytes present
All areas of CNS
106
Make and sustain myelin
Oligodendrocytes
107
Involved in pH regulation and contain carbonic anhydrase
Oligodendrocytes
108
Involved in iron metabolism
Oligodendrocytes
| Contain ferritin and transferritin
109
20% of glia
Microglia
110
Activated by injury
Microglia
111
Release neurotoxins
Microglia
112
Earliest glia in brain
Microglia
