Exam 3 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Cerebral cortex has an immense degree of ___ and __ from one neuron to another
A
Convergence
Divergence
2
Q
Most cortical neurons are a site of ____ from multiple neurons and source of diverging output to multiple neurons
A
Converging input
3
Q
Most areas of cortex don’t respond in obvious way to
A
Simple sensory stimulation
4
Q
Most ares of cerebral cortex don’t ___ when electrically stimulated
A
Produce movements
5
Q
Layer 1 of cerebral cortex
A
Molecular layer
6
Q
Layer with most axons
A
Layer 1
7
Q
Layer 2 cerebral cortex
A
External granule layer
-granule cells
8
Q
Layer 3 cerebral cortex
A
External pyramidal layer
-pyramidal cells
9
Q
Layer 4 cerebral cortex
A
Internal granule layer
10
Q
Main granular cell layer
A
Layer 4
11
Q
Layer 5 cerebral cortex
A
Internal pyramidal layer
12
Q
Layer 5 is dominated by
A
Giant pyramidal cells
13
Q
Layer 6 cerebral cortex
A
Multiform layer
14
Q
Cells in layer 6
A
All types
Pyramidal, stellate, fusiform
15
Q
3 major cell types in cerebral cortex
A
- Pyramidal cells
- Granule (stellate) cells
- Fusiform cells
16
Q
Pyramidal cells are source of
A
Corticospinal projections
17
Q
Major efferent cell of cerebral cortex
A
Pyramidal cells
18
Q
Excitatory neurons of granule cells release
A
Primary glutamate
19
Q
Inhibitory neurons of granule cells release
A
Primary GABA
20
Q
Most output of cerebral cortex leave via
A
Layer 5 and 6
Giant pyramidal and fusiform
21
Q
Most incoming sensory signals to cerebral cortex terminate in
A
Layer 4
22
Q
Most intracortical association functions of cerebral cortex occurs in layers
A
1, 2, 3
23
Q
Cortical neurons can change their function as
A
Functional demand changes
24
Q
Large percent of human cortex is
A
Silent areas
25
Lesions in association areas have ___ and ___ quality
Subtle and unpredictable
26
Prefrontal association areas have ___ functions of behavior
Executive
27
Prefrontal association areas
Working memory
28
Broca’s area
Formation of words
“Being able to speak”
29
Orbital frontal cortex cells are hyperactive in
OCD
30
Cells in orbital frontal cortex fire strongly when
Expectations not met
31
Orbital frontal cortex functions as
Error detector
32
Limbic association area responsible for
Behavior
Emotions
Motivation
33
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
34
Parieto-occipitotemporal AA responsible for analysis of
Spatial coordinates of body
35
Wernicke’s
General interpretative area for reading
36
Area for naming objects
Parieto-occipitotemporal AA
37
Capgras Syndrome
Think relatives are imposters due to lack of emotion evoked by visually seeing them
38
Ventromedial frontal areas are reciprocally connected with
Subcortical nuclei like amygdala and hypothalamus
39
Ventromedial frontal areas involved in
Basic biologic regulation
Emotional processing
Social cognition
Behavior
40
In ventromedial frontal areas, high concentration of ____ with socially adapted behavior
Serotonin S2 receptors
41
In ventromedial frontal area, low concentration of __ with aggressive behavior/ uncooperative
Serotonin S2
42
Prefrontal association area
Executive functions of behavior
- judgement
- planning for future
- working memory
43
95% population is ___ dominant
Left hemisphere
44
Hemispheres demonstrate ___
Ie. If dominate hemisphere damaged early in life, other can develop according capabilities
Plasticity
45
Right handed dominant occurs in
90%
46
Left or mixed handed occurs in
10%
47
Right handed people, 96% control is
Left
48
Right handed people, 0% control is
Both hemispheres
49
Left or mixed handed people, 70% control is
Left
50
Left or mixed handed people, 15% is
Right controlled
51
Left or mixed handed people, 15% is
Both hemispheres
52
Functions of left hemisphere
```
Language
Symbols
Understanding spoken, written word
Math
Speech
```
53
Functions of right hemisphere
Music
Non verbal visual experiences
Spatial relations
54
Corpus callosum
Bidirectional communication between most of R and L hemispheres EXCEPT for anterior portions of temporal lobe
55
Anterior commissure
Bidirectional communication between anterior portions of temporal lobe
Amygdala- emotional response transfer
56
Section of corpus callosum:
| Left hemisphere matches based on
Function
57
Section of corpus callosum:
| Right hemisphere matches based on
Appearance
58
Memory definition
Ability to reconstruct whole from degraded fragment
59
Allocortex made of
Archicortex (ancient)
Paleocortex (old)
60
Allocortex is
10% human cerebral cortex
61
Allocortex includes the
Hippocampal formation
62
Hippocampal formation plays important role in
Declarative memory
63
Episodic memory
Daily episodes of life
64
Semantic memory
Factual information
65
Hippocampus plays role in episodic memory via
Bidirectional connections with parahippocampal regions
66
Parahippocampal regions have bidirectional connections with
Cerebral cortex
67
“Place” cells in hippocampus
Principle cells in each layers that fire complex bursts when move through specific location
68
Positive memory associated with
Facilitation
69
Negative memory associated with
Habituation (suppression)
70
Reflexive and declarative memory involve
Different neuronal circuits
71
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Process of linking individual neurons, which bind them into single memory
72
Conscious memory involves
Hippocampal gyrus
73
Hyperthymestic syndrome
Extremely rare condition when person has total recall of all events since age 10-14
About 10 people worldwide
74
People with hyperthymestic Syndrome have
Large caudate nucleus
75
Reflexive/implicit/skill memory is unconscious and is associated with
Motor activities
76
Declarative memory can be divided into
Episodic and semantic memory
77
Declarative memory involves function of
Hippocampus and parahippocampal areas
78
Bilateral removal of hippocampus produces profound
Deficits in memory function EXCEPT reflexive learning
79
Memory capability that is spared following bilateral lesions of temporal lobe (hippocampal formation) typically involve learned tasks that...
- are reflexive, not reflective
| - do not require conscious awareness or complex cognitive processes
80
Habituation
Decrease in response to repeat benign stimulus
81
Sensitization
Strengthening of responses following intense or noxious stimuli
82
Sensitization can override
Habituation
83
Imitative learning is important in
Acquisition of language
84
Imitative learning uses
Mirror neurons
85
The cortical marrow neuron system is formed by 2 regions
1. Ventral premotor cortex
| 2. Rostral part of inferior parietal lobule
86
Mirror neurons are thought to play a role in
Empathy
87
Classical conditioning involves a learned relationship between
2 stimuli
88
Operant conditioning results in learning to predict
Consequences of own behavior
89
___ change significantly during learning
Number of neurons and connectivities
90
During first year of life, there is a
Great excess of neurons
91
Neurons are always looking to
Connect
92
If neurons don’t connect...
They will die
93
Even as adults, neurons demonstrate
Plasticity (synaptogenesis)
94
Long term memory is associated with increase in..
1. Number of transmitter vesicles and release sites for NT
2. Number of presynaptic terminals
3. Number in synaptic connections
95
Protein kinase M zeta maintains
Long term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons
96
When protein kinase M zeta is blocked,
Long term memory function is blocked
97
___ blocks PKM seta
Zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP)
98
Learning
Process by which we acquire knowledge
99
Memory
Process by which knowledge is encoded, stored, and retrieved
100
Removal of the hippocampal formation (as in HM) resulted in
Memory deficit
| Skill memory still intact
101
Highest level of sensory input to CNS via
Trigeminal N
102
Reticular excitatory area (reticular activating system) located in
Reticular formation of pons and midbrain
103
Reticular excitatory area results in diffuse stimulation of cerebrum via
Thalamus
104
Reticular excitatory area signals are
Rapid short lasting from magnocellular releasing ACH)
105
If the reticular excitatory area is inactivated...
Coma is likely
106
Cut brain stem mid pons (above entry of CNV) can result in
Coma
107
Cut brain stem below entry CNV
Coma unlikely
108
Cerebral cortex and thalamus have ____ communication
Bidirectional (reverberating)
109
Reticular activating system acts as a
Filter against all sensory input
110
Wakefulness is promoted by ___ located in ___and dorsolateral pontine Tegmentum
Pontomesencephalic cells
| Locus ceruleus
111
Dopaminergic cells are
Stimulators
112
Noradrenergic cells are
Inhibitory
113
Posterior hypothalamus neurons contain
Histamine
114
Reticular inhibitory area is located in
Medulla in reticular formation
115
Reticular inhibitory area inhibits excitatory area via
Serotonergic projections
116
NorEpi system located in
Locus ceruleus
117
Most widespread-generally stimulators
NorEpi
118
Dopamine system located in
Substantia nigra
Arcuate
VTA
119
Serotonin system location
Raphe nuclei
120
Serotonin system is usually inhibitory, induction of
Sleep
Pain control
Mood
121
Acetylcholine system located
Gigantocellular cells
122
Areas maintaining wakefulness include
1. Oral pontine reticular formation
2. Midbrain central Tegmentum
3. Posterior hypothalamus
123
Sleep promoting areas include
1. Midline brainstem (raphe nuclei)
2. Dorsolateral medullary reticular formation
3. Anterior hypothalamic preoptic region
124
Magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert located in
Forebrain
125
Magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert is a ___ center with ___ projections
Sleep modulating center
ACH
126
Sleep is divided into stages based on
EEG
EOG
EMG
